34 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [anvar: 
1. Factors of distribution in the uplands. s F 
ORIGINAL DISTRIBUTION. Throughout the uplands, excepting 
in the narrow swamp borders and in the low clay plains about Hough- 
ton Lake, the underground water level is far from the surface, its ‘ 
depth varying from 3 to 25™ or even more. 
Wherever the upland group occurs near the water level, it takes the 
form of one of two types, either the hardwood (on the low clay) o1 
the white pine (on the lowsand andloam). Farther above permanent 
water the former of these types occurs only in one locality, in the | 
northwestern part of the area, and there upon loam. Where the | 
water level is not near the surface, the white pine type occurs only + 
on clay and loam. The Norway type is found throughout the aree : 
on loamy, or loamy and gravelly sand, and the jack pine type appears 
exclusively on sand which is hardly at all loamy and thoroughly 
washed. The distribution of the upland types just described may be | 
ET ee eae 
tabulated as follows: : 
POSITION OF UNDERGROUND WATER LEVEL. 7: 
Soil Near surface Deep a 
EE ick ea At TE ge eee One ee eee eee : 
Sandy loam......... |e ae ce ea 
aay Te Lc es. Ry ees on ee B (A)*4 3 
oe a ee: ro a a Oe ere 
ee 
i as 
In the above table the different types are denoted by the letters 
oe used in their description. It will be noticed that from clay 
to sand, with water level deeply seated, we have a series passing fror 
the white pine type to that of the jack, through the Norway. 4 
single exception to this is the hardwood area on clay loam in T. 25 N- 
R. 4. W, to be spoken of in a later paragraph. But with the wate” 
Jevel near the surface, the series runs from the hardwood to the Nor 
way type, the jack pine not occurring at all. This observation seem: 
to agree with those made by Mayr’ in northern Wisconsin. H« 
states that sand ridges rising out of the swamps usually bear whit: 
pine on the slope, then Norway, and lastly the jack on the mos 
elevated parts. The same author points out that white pine wil 
grow on poor sand if the water is pias near the surface. The sam — 
* seems to be true here also. 
4 The hardwood in T. 25 N., Raw, 
ts Mayr, HL, loc. cit. p. 207. 
mn 
a 
