1905) “LIVINGSTON—RELATION OF SOILS TO VEGETATION ay 
; - WARMING and SCHIMPER (loc. cit.), the reader may refer to GArn™® and 
e HEpGcock."? 
Of the upland series, the hardwood type of vegetation seems to 
need the most water, the most soluble content, and the most humus. 
Probably this is the reason why this type occupies the moister soils 
of the upland, no matter whether these are moist through nearness 
to the underground water table or through the lifting power of the 
| 2 soil itself. The types of white, Norway, and jack pines seem to 
& require less water in the order of their arrangement. Probably 
the Norway and jack pines require more air in the soil than either 
the hardwood or the white pine. The typical tree forms of both 
these last-named types occur in the mixed swamp quite commonly, 
| but I have yet to see either Norway or jack pine in soil which is wet 
4 the greater part of the year. Throughout the region it seems that 
each type occupies soils which correspond in water content to its 
ze needs. It must be remembered here that a sandy soil near the water 
level may contain much more water than a loamy one where the 
water is farther from the surface. This idea offers a possible explana- 
E tion for the occurrence of hardwood on low loam in T.25 N., R. 4 W. 
+ Addition of surface humus has also, perhaps, raised the water holding 
a ' power of the soil to the neighborhood of that manifested by clay 
a ‘itself. The subsoil is such here that the white or Norway type might 
f be expected. 
PRESENT DISTRIBUTION. The statement so frequently met with 
that white pine will not come up after it has once been cut off and 
_ the ground burned over seems to strike wide of the truth in this 
region. I have visited almost every square mile of the uplands and 
am thoroughly convinced that scattering seedlings of white pine 
are now evident on practically all areas originally covered by that 
species, which have not been recently subjected to the action of 
fires. Seedlings of the Norway, however, are now more numerous on 
these areas than are those of the white pine itself. They are plentiful 
throughout the region on light soils excepting the very lightest. 
é 
8 Gain, E., Recherches sur le réle physiologique de ’eau dans la végétation, 
Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. VII. 20:65-215. 1894. 
2 EDGCocK, C. G., Botanical Survey of Nebraska: Studies in the vegetation of 
. the a Hi. Linasethe: 1902 
