1905] OLIVE—MORPHOLOGY OF MONASCUS 57 
arise, according to the evidence obtained by this author, as an out- 
growth of the swelling central cell, which grows over the surface of 
the latter, closely applied to it, until it finally pushes in, or invaginates, 
the enlarged central cell. In this invaginated cavity, or little ‘‘nest,” 
thus produced, the ascogenous hyphae are formed, whether as bud- 
dings of the end of the in-pushing hypha, or simply as segments of 
it, the author does not make clear. At any rate, growth continues 
until the closely entwined hyphae occupy almost the whole of the 
interior of the enveloping perithecium. ‘‘Asci are eventually pro- 
duced from the ascogenous hyphae, and in each of them eight asco- 
spores are produced. When the spores are ripe, the asci and asco- 
genous branches degenerate, the surrounding central cell having by 
this time lost its contents, remaining as a brown cuticularized enclosing 
wall. The spores are thus liberated into the cavity enclosed by this 
wall, and the ripe perithecium appears to be nothing more than a 
brown cuticularized sporangium-like structure.” (L. ¢., p. 204.) 
IKENO apparently agrees with BARKER in regard to sexual repro- 
duction in Monascus, although his evidence appears to be drawn 
from dubious sections, judging from his one drawing of the process. 
IKENO’S main point of dispute with BARKER lies, however, in the 
method of spore-formation. He asserts that there are no ascogenous 
hyphae in the Monascus which he studied, but that, on the other 
hand, so-called “‘spore mother-cells” arise by free cell formation. 
The cytoplasm of the ascogonium becomes, according to him, aggre- 
gated about certain nuclei, resulting in the formation of uninucleate 
“‘Cytoplasmaballen,” or ‘‘spore mother-cells.” According to BAR- 
KER’s account, these ‘“‘spore mother-cells” are segments of a hypha, 
which become rounded up into asci. IkENo further notes that the 
““Cytoplasmaballen” become increased in number by fission, and 
that they may contain, at the culmination of nuclear division, a greater 
number of nuclei than is necessary for spore-formation, and he says 
that the extra ones degenerate. Usually six or eight spores are 
finally produced, which are, in his opinion, formed by free cells 
formation, leaving a small amount of epiplasm between and surround- 
ing the spores, thus corresponding to conditions observed in the 
ascus. An agreement is noted in the final phenomena connected 
| with the development of the fungus, in that in the mature spore fruit 
