II4 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [FEBRUARY 
thetic work in the climate of Tokyo during the winter months, it is 
possible that more food is manufactured by the trees in the Puget 
Sound region, where the temperature is even higher than at Tokyo. 
If this be the case for the winter months, it will be even more so for 
the early spring and late fall months, when the mean temperatures 
at Seattle are as follows: March, 7.22°C.; April, 10° C.; October, 
10.5° C.; and November, 7° C. 
The evergreen trees, however, in a climate like that at Marquette 
would not be able to do so much work during these months, for the 
temperature is very much lower. In other words, in a climate with 
warm winters like that at Seattle, the evergreen trees can work more 
or less during the winter, early spring, and late fall months; while 
in a climate like that at Marquette, where the mean temperature is 
considerably below the freezing point during the winter months, 
this work would be very much checked if not stopped altogether. 
As one would expect, from this standpoint, the conifers would be 
more successful in the Puget Sound region than in the northern penin- 
sula of Michigan. The conclusion that is reached from the forego- 
ing is that, other things being equal, an equable distribution of heat 
is favorable to conifers. A reference to the temperature conditions 
in the Flathead valley will show that the climate is more equable 
than that at Marquette, but not so equable as that at Seattle. The 
coniferous forests are better developed here than at Marquette, but 
are not nearly so luxuriant as at Seattle. From the standpoint of 
carbohydrate manufacture, the deciduous trees are little or not at 
all affected by the temperature conditions of the non-growing season, 
for their leaves are absent, and consequently photosynthetic work 
is very much reduced. 
A comparison of the temperature conditions at Kalispell and 
Columbia Falls shows a little difference, the latter being slightly 
colder. While this difference may affect herbaceous vegetation, it 
would likely have little or no effect on the forests; so the fact that 
there is no forest at Kalispell, while there is one near Columbia Falls 
will have to be explained on other than temperature grounds. 
Transpiration, which also takes place during the non-growing 
season, will be discussed in another connection. 
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