156 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [FEBRUARY 
land Islands and Fuegia, is known as the tussock meadow; the physiognomy here 
is chiefly determined by grasses or sedges, which grow on mounds of their own 
formation, such as are sometimes seen in low sedgy pastures in North America. 
The tussock formation is scanty on Auckland Island, more extensive on Campbell 
Island, and almost excludes other formations on the smaller islands. It seems 
therefore that the forest and tussock form a beautiful instance of vicarious forma. 
tions. Among the character tussock plants are Danthonia bromoides and a species 
of Poa, the former especially in subalpine tussocks. On Antipodes Island, where 
the wind is very severe, the tussock often grades off into a xerophytic heath-like 
formation, where the grasses are less dominant, being replaced by stunted Cop- 
rosma bushes, lycopods, and lichens. Some space is devoted to a discussion of 
the destructive influence of animals, which is especially marked in the sheep 
pastures of Campbell Island. Cockayne is a firm believer in the presence of a 
former land connection between New Zealand and these islands, because it is 
impossible otherwise to account for the presence of entire New Zealand formations. 
Certain species might be transported hundreds of miles, but scarcely the con- 
stituents of an entire formation. 
In an earlier paper, CocKAYNE has given an admirable picture of the vegeta- 
tion of Chatham Island, 450 miles to the east of New Zealand. The climate 
resembles that of the southern islands, but is of course much milder. As woul 
be expected, the climatic formation of the island is the hygrophytic forest, which 
presents a somewhat xerophytic physiognomy, though much less so than on 
Auckland Island. The trees commonly come close to the sea. Palms are fre- 
quent, and tree ferns are among the dominant elements, especially species Of 
Dicksonia and Cyathea. Perhaps the dominant tree is the celastrineous Coryno- 
carpus. COCKAYNE made a genetic study of the dune and bog floras. On the 
beach the dominant plant was once the handsome Myosotidium nobile, the only 
ndemic genus of the island, now almost extinct in its native state. The dunes, 
4 CocKayng, L., A short account of the plant-covering of Chatham Island. Trans. 
N. Z. Inst. 34: 243-325. 1902. 
