1905] SHOEMAKER—HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA 251 
clinal walls into four to twenty cells, each of which sends out a 
long process, making a many-rayed star. They are often raised on 
a low multicellular papilla. 
Each flower bud produces a head of two to four flowers, and 
there are often as many as three buds from an axil. At first the 
tip of each bud is protected by three or four alternate bracts, which 
are soon left below on the stem of the flower head and finally fall off. 
The first floral organ to appear is the outside bract of each flower. 
As the buds grow the other two bracts arise successively, one on each 
side of the flower. The sepals appear in pairs, the first pair being 
anterior and posterior. The petals then arise in one cycle of four 
rudiments, inside which two successive alternating cycles of four 
rudiments each develop. The outer cycle, opposite to the lobes of 
the calyx, becomes stamens, the inner sterile staminodes. 
The torus by this time, through unequal growth, has become 
concave, and on its floor are developed two horseshoe-shaped ridges, 
one anterior and one posterior. These grow together on the median 
line, and this line of fusion is carried upward by growth, so that there 
is a solid wall between the cavities of the carpels for a short distance. 
The carpels have separate styles and stigmas, but are united through- 
out their hollow portions. In each ovary there is found one ovule, 
which is suspended from the margin of the carpel. This develop- 
ment of the flower is essentially as described by BATLLON (3), except 
that he describes the ovary as originally having two ovules, one of 
Which nearly always atrophies. Le Maour and DEcaIsNE (16) 
also figure a cross-section of the fruit showing two mature seeds in 
each carpel. Although I have examined several hundred carpels I 
have found but a single one with two ovules: BarLLon (17) also 
speaks of Hamamelis as being polygamous, but of this I have seen no 
evidence in my material. It is possible that these conditions may 
occur more frequently in places from which I have no material, or 
In other surroundings, yet the form has been very constant from all 
my collecting points. 
n the mature flower the temporary parts, the stamens, petals, and 
nectaries, are smooth. The outside of the sepals and bracts, and 
the bases of the carpels are thickly covered with hairs. Figs. 8 and 
9 show how the rudiments of the growing flower fit together, and 
