1905] WHITFORD—FORESTS OF FLATHEAD VALLEY 203 
the shade of these forests, and that except in open places Douglas 
spruce, western larch, bull pine, and lodgepole pine are ruled out 
altogether. The birch is found scattered throughout the limits of 
the forest. Indeed, as will be shown, it is often a conspicuous tree 
5 bet ao ae, f RD. ase 7 <j 
PRR aa eG a eA eA 
rc ‘ : “~—F. 
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: 
; Fic. 23.—Mature lodgepole pine forest in Swan valley, showing a dense stand in 
ie the trunks are 15 to 20cm jn diameter; the undergrowth consists of Acer glabrum, 
Vv m Pose 3 - is 
yrola, Pteridium, Linnaea, etc.—Photograph by McCaLium. 
in the burns, and grows up with lodgepole pines, though as the forest 
Matures it drops out early. The undergrowth consists of Acer 
slabrum, Lepargyraea canadensis, Symphoricarpos sp., Rosa sp., 
Lycopodium sp., Pyrola secunda, Pteridium aquilinum, Linnaea 
borealis, Chimaphila umbellata, Clintonia borealis, and Aralia nudi- 
