‘ 
1905] LIVINGSTON—PROPERTIES OF BOG WATER 353 
above the palisades of the Hudson, where the water is held in the 
irregular rock basins. 
The New York City water, although quite acid, is not active upon 
the alga. This water is from streams with well-drained river swamp 
margins. Lake Michigan water and the water of Grand River 
appear to be identical. Both are somewhat alkaline; neither has 
any physiological effect upon Stigeoclonium. 
The Aetna and Miller swamps are practically alike; both are 
composed of black peat with no Sphagnum. The general nature of 
these Swamps suggests an intermediate condition between bog and 
river swamp, leaning toward the former, and the water shows a 
marked tendency to produce palmella. 
The bog near Oconomowoc has Larix, Sphagnum, Vaccinium 
corymbosum, Oxycoccus, Chamaedaphne, Sarracenia, etc. Its water 
has a very marked action upon the alga. 
The Stewart Ridge swamp is a peat deposit but not a true bog. 
A few patches of Sphagnum seem to show a tendency in this direction, 
but the samples tested showed no effect upon the indicator plant. 
The swamps of Ann Arbor are as typical and characteristic bogs 
as the author has seen. The character of their vegetation, consisting 
of Larix, Drosera, Sarracenia, Andromeda, Chamaedaphne, Arethusa, 
Calopogon, etc., agrees well with the fact that the water is markedly 
toxic toward the alga. 
The vegetation upon all the vast stretches of lowland about Tom’s 
River is practically alike; these are dense Chamaecyparis swamps, 
abounding in Oxycoccus, Sphagnum, Sarracenia, Chamaedaphne, 
etc. All the samples from here, with the exception of one pressed 
from living moss, produced the palmella response. It appears that 
the active bodies are more plentiful in the mass of dead material 
beneath the Sphagnum than in the moss itself. 
The Richmond swamp is not a true bog, and yet it contains 
considerable amounts of loosely-growing Sphagnum, together with 
Eriophorum, Typha, etc. Here there appears a disagreement between 
the physiological properties of water samples from different parts. 
That from the ditch should be the most dilute, and shows no action 
Upon the indicator. That from moss is again harmless; while that 
Pressed from decayed Jeaves near by shows a marked toxic effect. 
The pond sample was taken up within a centimeter or two of sub- 
