130 PLEISTOCENE OP INDIANA AND MICHIGAN. 



westward slope is continued into the Iroquois basin. The valley of the creek, however, is a 

 broad slough which, like the depressions along the Tippecanoe below Ora, has diverted the 

 drainage to a course out of harmony with the general slope. It seems probable, therefore, 

 that from much of Pulaski County now chained southward there was a southwestward glacial 

 drainage to the Iroquois and that from near Ora in Starke County there may have been a north- 

 westward drainage to the Kankakee as well as a southwestward drainage to the Iroquois. Below 

 the junction of Monon Creek and Tippecanoe River there may have been a southward drain- 

 age to the Wabash, but if so it seems not to have distributed the sand far in that direction, 

 unless along the immediate valley of Tippecanoe River. Possibly the lower course of the Tippe- 

 canoe was still occupied by the Erie lobe and drainage in that direction was prevented until 

 the deposition of the sand was essentially completed. 



Throughout this area the sand is generally free from coarse pebbly material and appears, 

 therefore, to have been deposited by streams with rather sluggish currents, as would be ex- 

 pected from then very gradual descent and their great breadth. The present Kankakee, from 

 its source near South Bend to the State line of Indiana and Illinois, descends about 15 inches 

 to the mile, yet because of its breadth in the marsh it is capable of transporting only fine sand. 

 The slope of the Kankakee Marsh, however, appears to be greater than the average slope in the 

 parts of the Tippecanoe and Iroquois drainage basins where the sand was deposited. 



The depth of the sand probably corresponds to its relief above the bordering clay plains 

 (10 to 25 feet, with an average of perhaps 15 feet), for wells find water in it at about the level 

 of the clay. Along the Kankakee Valley sand appears to be heavier as well as more extensive 

 than in the Tippecanoe and Iroquois basins. It is thought that much of the sand was brought 

 into the Kankakee basin by glacial streams that discharged through St. Joseph River during 

 the recession of the ice into southern Michigan, and that it was thus collected from a much 

 larger area than that tributary to sand-covered parts of the Iroquois and Tippecanoe basins. 



Some weak morainic ridges along the eastern edge of the sand-covered area come up for 

 consideration more naturally in connection with the Maxinkuckee moraine, with which they 

 seem to have close relations. (See p. 132.) The extensive outwash apron of gravel and sand 

 north of the Kankakee is also more appropriately considered in connection with the morainic 

 systems of the Lake Michigan lobe in that region. (See pp. 175, 180.) 



Observations on striae made by Chamberlin at Monon and near Kentland, indicate two ice 

 movements, an earlier one southward and a later one westward. The later movement fits in 

 well with the Wisconsin and is probably referable to it, and the earlier or southward movement 

 may be Illinoian. Southward-bearing striae found at Rensselaer may also have been formed 

 prior to the Wisconsin ice invasion. 



MAXINKUCKEE MORAINE AND ASSOCIATED GLACIAL FEATURES. 



COURSE AND DISTRIBUTION. 



A great belt of very irregular-surfaced drift 5 to 15 miles wide leads southward from South 

 Bend about 40 miles to the Tippecanoe Valley opposite Rochester, Ind. Except at its northern" 

 end, which may have been touched by' the Lake Michigan lobe, it seems to have been formed 

 by ice that lay on its east side. The moraine takes its name from Lake Maxinkuckee. which 

 stands in its broadest part a few miles northwest of Rochester. 



The great breadth of the moraine in the vicinity of Tippecanoe River compared with its 

 breadth near South Bend indicates that the ice was not holding its position in the former locality 

 so firmly as in the latter. South of the Tippecanoe the recession seems to have been still more 

 rapid; well-defined moraines are wanting, only narrow strips and interrupted patches of undu- 

 lating land interrupting an otherwise flat-surfaced country. The recession probably extended 

 across the entire breadth of Fulton County into southern Marshall and western Kosciusko coun- 

 ties during the development of the well-defined ridge north of Tippecanoe River. It was by 



