136 PLEISTOCENE OF INDIANA AND MICHIGAN. 



sandy plain extends from Bass Lake to the Tippecanoe Valley at Monterey. Near Tippecanoe 

 River there is some gravel. North of Monterey basins occur along the border of the gravel 

 plain, which is here about 30 feet above Tippecanoe River. 



A line of glacial drainage descends westward from the Maxinkuckee moraine just south of 

 Culver station near the west shore of Lake Maxinkuckee to a tamarack swamp around Manitou 

 Lake. Its surface is strewn with cobblestones and small bowlders and is indented by shallow 

 basins. South of it a spur of the mam moraine extends west nearly to the Starke County line 

 in sees. 29, 30, 31, and 32, T. 32 N., R. 1 E. From Manitou Lake the water may have dis- 

 charged either southward along the west edge of the moramic spur to the Tippecanoe Valley 

 or may have continued westward through a gap in the outlying moraine in sees. 23, 26, and 27, 

 T. 32 N., R. 1 W., to strike the Tippecanoe near Ora. Sand ridges on the outer slope of the 

 Maxinkuckee moraine at many points from Lake Maxinkuckee northward to Pine Creek valley 

 in the northwest township of Marshall County seem to have been heaped up by wind, but their 

 sand was probably first laid down as an outwash from the ice sheet as it was melting away 

 from the moraine. 



Below Leiters Ford the north side of the Tippecanoe Valley is occupied by a plain 3 or 4 

 square miles in extent, which carries fine gravel at its surface. This plain seems to grade into 

 the Maxinkuckee moraine at the north and east borders and was probably formed by direct 

 outwash from that part of the ice border. It remains gravelly only to the outlet of Lake 

 Maxinkuckee. West of that outlet for 2 or 3 miles fine sand lies along the north side of the 

 river. Near Monterey the pitted gravel plain outside the small moraine leading past Bass 

 Lake sets in. 



From the character of the material in the Tippecanoe Valley it appears that in course of 

 the retreat of the ice sheet from the outer to the inner edge of the moramic belt unusually 

 vigorous outwash occurred in three places — one near Monterey, another near Leiters Ford, and 

 a third above Rochester-in the vicinity of Manitou Lake. The distribution of the plain, first 

 on the left, then on the right bank of the river, was controlled by the altitude of the bordering 

 districts, the country being lower on the left or south bank than on the north from Rochester 

 down to Leiters Ford and opposite conditions obtaining below Leiters Ford. 



South of the Tippecanoe Valley, for a short distance south from Monterey, a gravelly 

 outwash plain, already noted, with westward slope fills the space between the two morainic 

 tracts. It pertains to the eastern tract, the western one having only sand along its outer or 

 western border. 



Farther south the weak western belt has sand on its outer border at numerous points and 

 has a nearly continuous sand border from the Mill Creek 1 valley southward to Lake Cicott. In 

 northeastern White and northwestern Cass counties the sand plain is several miles wide, but in 

 southeastern Pulaski County it is less than 1 mile wide. 



The outwash from the eastern and stronger undulating belt is not well denned except at 

 the immediate border of the Tippecanoe Valley, though it forms some sandy deposits and 

 ridges. The sand carries few pebbles, and the ridging may be referable to wind action. The 

 deposits are probably to be classed as outwash from the ice sheet, though their precise mode 

 of deposition remains uncertain. 



Mill Creek, which cuts through this undulating belt, is bordered by a swampy flood plain 

 one-half mile or more in width for 2 or 3 miles above the intersection and in the passage through 

 it; on leaving the undulating belt the swampy condition ceases, but the valley continues broad 

 throughout its course to the Tippecanoe. It seems to have been utilized as a fine of discharge 

 for glacial waters either direct from the ice sheet or from a lake held in front of the ice on the 

 eastern slope of the undulating belt. The deposits along the valley are sandy and do not show 

 the coarseness to be expected along a strong stream, indicating that the gradient was so low 

 that only sand was transported down the valley. 



1 This Mill Creek, which enters the Tippecanoe below Winamac, should he distinguished from one that enters the same river near 

 Rochester. 



