178 PLEISTOCENE OF INDIANA AND MICHIGAN. 



and gravel. A well on the inner ridge in sec. 7, Cooper Township, penetrated 60 feet of sand 

 and gravel and 20 feet of blue clay; it obtains water from the gravel. 



In southeastern Alamo Township, Kalamazoo County, on an elevated part of the inner 

 ridge, three wells have penetrated 175 feet largely through sand and gravel and found water 

 only in the lower 50 or 60 feet. The deepest well in the township and perhaps along the whole 

 course of the moraine is that of J. Coshan in sec. 33, which reached a depth of 230 feet on 

 ground about 965 feet above sea level. It penetrated reddish sandy clay and dry sand 20 feet, 

 blue clay 1 foot, white sand 120 feet, bluish water-bearing sand 85 feet, coarse white sand 5 

 feet. A neighboring well in sec. 28 on the McCall farm, 153 feet deep, penetrated yellowish 

 sand and sandy clay 50 feet, blue clay 10 feet, gray sand 93 feet. 



Some wells in the northwestern part of Kalamazoo Township penetrate till to 30 feet or 

 more and then dry gravel to about 100 feet. Several wells are 110 to 120 feet deep. The 

 water has a head about 100 feet below the surface. 



On a prominent part of the inner ridge south of Lawton at an altitude of about 930 feet 

 several wells 145 to 160 feet in depth penetrated some till in the lower part as well as a few 

 feet of surface till. A dug well in sec. 8, Porter Township, 100 feet in depth, penetrated a 

 hard clayey till in the lower 35 feet. South of this well, in sec. 17, several tubular wells obtain 

 water at about 60 feet, presumably at the top of this clayey till. 



Between Lawton and Dowagiac several wells, both on the inner ridge of the Kalamazoo 

 system and on the gravel plain just outside, have reached depths of 100 feet or more, largely 

 through sand and gravel. Most wells on the outer ridge from the vicinity of Lawton south- 

 westward obtain water at depths of 75 to 80 feet and penetrate but little clayey till. In the 

 low portion of the inner ridge, between Dowagiac and Niles, wells are very largely in sand and 

 gravel, but obtain abundant water at 40 to 50 feet. On the ridge west of Niles many wells reach 

 80 or 100 feet, some of them penetrating considerable clayey till. As a rule, however, the wells 

 in this section of this moraine and especially in the Indiana portion encounter little besides sand 

 and gravel after penetrating a few feet of surface clay. 



On Rolling Prairie many wells are driven to depths of 75 feet or more through sand and 

 gravel, but on Sumption Prairie they obtain water at depths of 50 to 60 feet. In both dis- 

 tricts the water table seems to be nearly down to the level of the Kankakee Marsh. 



OUT WASH. 



DISTRIBUTION IN MICHIGAN. 



The outwash district connected with the Kalamazoo morainic system of the Lake Michigan 

 and Saginaw lobes is one of the most extensive in Michigan, for the outwash fills nearly all the space 

 between the Kalamazoo morainic system and neighboring earlier ones. From the reentrant 

 angle between the lobes in southwestern Barry County a gravel plain descends continuously 

 southward across the valley of Kalamazoo River to the St. Joseph Valley, and this constituted 

 the most vigorous line of discharge from the ice border. Outwash aprons lie all along the 

 eastern side of the outer moraine of the Kalamazoo system except for a short interval of 2 or 3 

 miles in the vicinity of Wakelee, where the moraine approaches an earlier one so closely that 

 only a narrow line of glacial drainage separates them. The width of the outwash tract is meas- 

 ured by the distance between the outer moraine of the Kalamazoo system and the moraine 

 outside; it is about 15 miles throughout much of Kalamazoo County but is only 1 to 5 miles 

 in Cass County, Mich. 



SLOPE. 



At the head of the reentrant in the vicinity of Prairieville the altitude of the outwash 

 apron is about 1,000 feet, but within a few miles south it drops to about 950 feet. The alti- 

 tude is nearly 950 feet along much of the western border in Kalamazoo County and remains 

 above 900 feet as far southwest as the vicinity of Cassopolis, but falls to about 800 feet where 

 it joins the gravel plain of St. Joseph Valley north of South Bend. The altitudes just given 

 pertain to the portion of the outwash apron that fits against the moraine; within a mile or 



