214 PLEISTOCENE OF INDIANA AND MICHIGAN. 



eighth mile wide. In sec. 19 it is banked against the west side of the valley and rises 60 feet 

 above the swamp on the east but only 10 to 15 feet above the plain on the west. The plexus 

 of ridges and the bordering sandy plain in sec. 25, Howell Township, seem to form the natural 

 terminus of this section of the esker. 



The northern section near Oak Grove is complex in the vicinity of the Bogue Creek mill 

 pond in the eastern part of the village, three ridges converging on the north side of the pond 

 and one of them continuing southward along the east side and terminating without an esker 

 fan at the north edge of a weak moraine. Esker ridges continue for 2 miles north of Oak Grove, 

 but they are interrupted by wide gaps. The district, like that in western Oceola Township, 

 is full of swampy channels which were probably lines of subglacial or glacial drainage. 



HAETLAND ESKER. 



In the valley of North Ore Creek, in the vicinity of Hartland, in eastern Livingston County, 

 a chain of short esker ridges leads southeast into the village of Hartland. This village stands 

 on a plexus of esker-like ridges rising 25 to 40 feet above marshes in the valley, and on an esker 

 fan or delta standing about 20 feet above the marshes. About a mile northwest of Hartland, 

 near the center of sec. 8, a plexus of esker ridges rises 30 to 40 feet above the bordering marshes. 

 The esker is developed in fragmentary form as far north as Parshallville, about 3 nules from 

 Hartland. East of the esker lies a very prominent moraine and west of it a gently undulating 

 till plain. Hartland stands at the southeast edge of the till plain in a recess in the moraine. 

 The swampy depression, which continues from Hartland southeastward through the moraine, 

 is probably a line of subglacial drainage. 



,ci, §; PSEUDO-ESKERS. 



In structure the eskers are commonly gravelly with thin beds or small inclusions of sand. 

 Little till is present, though it occurs on a few of the slopes and partly caps some of the short 

 esker-like ridges, as in sees. 30 and 31, Roxana Township, Eaton County. Some ridges have 

 the form of eskers but are composed largely of till; thus, in sees. 24 and 25, Kalamo Township, 

 Eaton County, there are winding ridges of esker type 20 to 30 feet in height and 100 yards or 

 less in width, which have swampy depressions on each side as in the ordinary eskers, but which 

 at an exposure where crossed by an east-west road show till to a depth of 10 to 15 feet. The 

 tops of the ridges are about on a level with the bordering till plain, so that it is possible that 

 they owe their origin to the erosion of the drift in the depressions along their sides rather than 

 to building up by subglacial streams. Or it is possible that the entire topography, depressions 

 as well as ridges, originated without the aid of subglacial drainage, and that the similarity to 

 an esker is a mere accident. Such ridges were noted also in Delhi Township, Ingham County, 

 one group being in sees. 29, 30, and 31 and another in sees. 34 and 35. The first group trends 

 north-northeast and south-southwest and the second group northwest and southeast. The 

 ridges are 15 to 20 feet high and as narrow as the ordinary esker and are bordered on each side 

 by swampy depressions. Ridges of this class may perhaps be termed " pseudo-eskers " until 

 their origin or relation to eskers is determined. 



VALPARAISO MORAINIC SYSTEM OF THE LAKE MICHIGAN LOBE. 



The Valparaiso morainic system, named from the city of Valparaiso, Ind., was described 

 in Monograph XXXVIII from the Wisconsin-Illinois fine around the southern end of Lake 

 Michigan through northern Indiana and northward as far as Allegan County, Mich. The 

 studies on which that description is based were made in 1887 and only a part of the region has 

 been visited by the writer since that year. Studies, however, have been made northward on 

 the east side of Lake Michigan far enough to determine the full extent and relations of the 

 system in that district. These later studies, as indicated in the discussion of the Kalamazoo 



