252 PLEISTOCENE OF INDIANA AND MICHIGAN. 



While the Grand Ledge moraine was building, conditions along the ice front west of Lansing 

 were about the same as at the preceding halt. A few small gravel terraces in Grand Ledge 

 and Lansing and between these places seem to belong to temporary drainage during the building 

 of this moraine, but they are small and fragmentary. The conditions remained the same 

 during the building of the Ionia moraine. There is scarcely any outwash directly from the ice 

 front along any of the three moraines between Lansing and the Grand River channel. 



LOOKINGGLASS CHANNEL. 



During the building of the next or Portland moraine the outwash directly from the ice in 

 the interval between the Grand River channel and the region of overlapping was as small as 

 it was during the construction of the earlier moraines. However, a river of moderate size 

 flowed along the front of this moraine from Dewitt, following the course of Lookingglass River 

 westward to Portland, thence going northwest for 3 or 4 miles on the present course of Grand 

 River and thence by a cut-off past Collins close against the front of the moraine to the Grand 

 River channel. Its course is well marked by gravelly terraces and a widened valley 20 to 40 

 feet above the flood plains of the rivers. This stream appears to have continued in the same 

 course west of Dewitt during the making of the next two moraines. It probably abandoned 

 the short cut-off past Collins, 5 miles northwest of Portland, as soon as the ice retreated from 

 the Portland moraine, and thereafter it followed the present course of Grand River to Lyons. 

 As the ice front retreated, the headward parts of this stream fell backward, cutting through 

 successively later moraines, but the stream was unable to find a course westward along their 

 fronts and so continued to follow the Lookingglass River from a point near Bancroft. During 

 the building of the Fowler moraine the headward parts came from northwestern Lapeer County 

 to the headwaters of Shiawassee River east of Linden and thence down this stream to the Look- 

 ingglass south of Bancroft. When the ice retreated to the St. Johns moraine, the drainage 

 reached back along the front of that moraine to the outlet of the Davison glacial lake about 3 

 miles north of Linden. This lake filled a long, narrow trough in front of the St. Johns moraine, 

 extending northeast at least as far as the north side of Davison Township, Genesee County, and 

 received tributaries from the northern part of Lapeer County. 



BENNINGTON CHANNEL. 



This last arrangement, however, was short lived, for the river soon found a new course. 

 Instead of following the Lookingglass west of Bancroft, it continued northwestward along the 

 front of the St. Johns moraine to a point 3 miles southeast of St. Johns. Here it left the St. 

 Johns moraine, and after cutting through the Fowler moraine continued westward to the Grand 

 River channel 2 miles above Lyons. The new course from Bancroft west is known as the Ben- 

 nington channel. This channel is not large, but is particularly well developed west of Benning- 

 ton, from which it takes its name. At Bennington it appears to be partly choked with gravels 

 brought into it by three streams, which issued from the ice 2 to 5 miles to the east. During the 

 building of the Fowler and St. Johns moraines the eastern part of this stream flowed along the 

 north or inner side of the belt of overlapping moraines which extends eastward from Lansing. 



HOLLY CHANNEL. 



During the building of the ridge that passes west of Hadley (probably the eastward 

 extension of the Portland moraine) there was in central Lapeer County a glacial lake which had 

 its outlet southwestward along the front of this ridge. In the southwest part of Hadley Town- 

 ship the old bed of this river is prominent, having a flat, swampy floor one-fourth to one-half 

 mile wide. It was first noted near Holly in Oakland County and called the Holly glacial river 

 and its bed the Holly channel. From the southwest corner of Lapeer County the Holly channel 

 runs south-southwest through Groveland and Holly townships, in northern Oakland County 

 (T. 5 1ST., Rs. 8 and 7 E.), and Tyrone, Deerfield, Cohoctah, and Conway townships, Livingston 

 County (T. 4 N., Rs. 6, 5, 4, and 3 E.), to a point on Cedar River 2 miles northwest of Fowler- 



