308 PLEISTOCENE OF INDIANA AND MICHIGAN. 



beach of Lake Algonquin. The majority of the drumlins he 6 to 10 miles southeast of Flanders, 

 but a few are in the immediate vicinity of that hamlet. Those near Flanders rise 40 to 60 feet 

 above the bordering till plain; most of those to the southeast rise but 15 to 20 feet above it, 

 though some, near the northern end, rise 35 to 40 feet. The trend of most of the drumlins is 

 north-northwest and south-southeast, but those near the southeastern end bear more to the 

 east. The trend is about in harmony with that of neighboring striae west and north of Alpena. 

 It is somewhat remarkable that both drumlins and stria? bear about parallel with the moraines 

 which he a few miles farther west. The ice movement appears, therefore, for some unknown 

 reason, to have been less definitely directed toward those moraines during the development of 

 the drumlins and the stria? than is common. The drumhns are composed of clayey till and their 

 surfaces, as well as that of the surrounding till plain, are thickly strewn with bowlders. 



GLACIAL STRI/E. 



The majority of observations of stria? in this region are in Alpena County, where general 

 southeastward movement is recorded, though one observation of southward-bearing striae was 

 noted a few miles east of the northwest corner of the county. A single observation made in 

 Cheboygan County, a few miles southeast of Mackinaw City, gives a movement of S. 37° W., 

 directly toward the Cheboygan moraine, which passes just south of the striated ledge. 



LAKE MICHIGAN SLOPE. 



MANISTEE MORAINE. 



Tire Manistee moraine appears on the east side of Lake Michigan, near the city of Manistee, 

 and follows the shore northward through Manistee and Benzie into Leelanau County. It wraps 

 around the western end of the prominent transverse ridges which come out as headlands along 

 this part of the shore (pp. 303-304). Between these transverse ridges the ice pushed into the 

 lowlands for several miles from the shore of Lake Michigan, so that the moraine makes a series of 

 loops in crossing the lowlands between the prominent ridges. Its appearance is as if the ice had 

 made a readvance and had adjusted its border to these topographic features. The portions of 

 the lowlands overridden by the ice are coated to some extent with till, and in some places con- 

 tain lakes, the most conspicuous being Crystal, Glen, and Portage lakes. The parts of the low- 

 lands outside the Manistee moraine are covered with sand, apparently deposited from outwash 

 that led eastward or southeastward into the drainage of Betsey River and Bear Creek. Some 

 of these sand plains are 20 to 30 feet or more below the level of the outwash aprons that border 

 the eastern ends of the prominent transverse ridges, apparently indicating that the outwash 

 aprons were eroded before the Manistee moraine was developed. It is possible, however, that 

 a large part of this erosion was due to waters escaping from the edge of the ice either during its 

 recession from the outwash aprons or just preceding the filling which accompanied the develop- 

 ment of the Manistee moraine. 



The altitude of the Manistee moraine is scarcely 100 feet above Lake Michigan in the vicinity 

 of Manistee, but it rises gradually northward and is fully 200 feet above the lake level at the 

 eastern end of Crystal Lake, in Benzie County, and becomes still higher in southwestern Lee- 

 lanau County. It there becomes more closely blended with the main morainic system, causing 

 some uncertainty as to its hne of continuation around Grand Traverse Bay. It seems likely 

 to be merged with the earlier moraines at the outer edge of the drumlin area of the Grand 

 Traverse region in Antrim County. The altitude there is only 200 to 250 feet above Lake 

 Michigan and is thus consistent with the altitude attained by the Manistee moraine in western 

 Benzie County; and, were it not that morainic developments are found in a few places nearer 

 the shore, there apparently would be no cause to question this as the hne of continuation of 

 the Manistee moraine. 



One of the best-defined loops sweeps around the head of Suttons Bay on the west side of 

 Grand Traverse Bay, and then runs south along the west side of the latter bay nearly to Traverse 

 City. It is from a fourth of a mile to a mile in width and stands only 100 to 150 feet above 



