344 PLEISTOCENE OF INDIANA AND MICHIGAN. 



More recently, with the tomographic maps in hand, the writer reexamined the district and 

 received the same impression as to the continuity of the middle beach from Pandora to Benton 

 Ridge and Findlay. 



The Survey's topographic maps show that the rise does not extend all the way to Findlay 

 but that several small parts of the crest rise to or a little above 790 feet above sea level a mile or 

 more west of Benton Ridge and that an increasing proportion rises to this height farther east. 

 Some of the beach crest to the west of Benton Ridge is mainly sand, but that to the east is 

 largely gravel, though of sand in some places and clayey gravel in others. About \\ miles east 

 of Benton Ridge the crest is mainly above 790 feet, but it seems to rise no higher farther east, 

 continuing about the same to the bend 1J miles west of the courthouse hi Findlay. Eastward 

 from this point the crest appears to decline a little, but apparently only because it is more 

 faintly developed. 



From Pandora to Benton Ridge, and less conspicuously from Columbus Grove to Pandora, 

 the middle beach has a mildly scalloped front made up of a series of curved sections convex 

 toward the north-northwest and joined end to end. The west halves of most of the scallops 

 trend southwest and are in fact parts of one of the preexisting rampart ridges changed only a 

 little by the waves, in some places by erosion, but generally by an overcoating of sand and 

 gravel. The east halves of the scallops trend east obliquely across the courses of the rampart 

 fragments and are parts of a new-made ridge constructed by the waves to bridge the gap from 

 one rampart ridge to the next one east. Where the newly built section meets the next older 

 rampart there is a reentrant angle of the shore — a wave-built beach running east and abutting 

 against the face of an older clayey rampart running northeast. It was in this way that the 

 middle Maumee beach acquired its scalloped form east of Columbus Grove. Where the trend 

 in this interval is northeast to southwest the main body of the ridge of the middle beach is gen- 

 erally one of the older rampart ridges. At many places, especially on the inner slope, the clayey 

 gravel may be seen. For 2 miles northeast from St. John's Church and for 3 miles southwest 

 from Benton Ridge the beach seems clearly to be superposed on a rampart ridge. At the latter 

 place especially this relation seems certain, for at the southwest, where the middle Maumee 

 beach turns away to the west, one of the finest of the rampart ridges runs on southwest behind 

 the middle beach in perfect continuity in its precise trend from Benton Ridge. 



The whole rise of the middle beach appears to be between Pandora and a point 1£ miles east 

 of Benton Ridge — a distance of about 12 miles and a rise of 15 feet, or from an average altitude 

 of about 775 feet to a little more than 790 feet above sea level. The rate of rise is therefore a 

 little more than 1.2 feet to the mile. 



To the meridian of Pandora, 16 miles on a line directly west from Findlay, the Defiance 

 moraine runs a trifle south of west, but north of Pandora it turns northwestward. On a line 

 directly north from Pandora the crest of the moraine is 8 miles away, and north of the bend of 

 the beach 2 miles west of Findlay it is scarcely 3 miles away. This part of the beach, therefore, 

 is not exactly parallel with the crest of the moraine, but in 16 miles it draws only 5 miles nearer, 

 or from 8 to 3 miles. From Ottawa Creek, a mile east of Benton Ridge, to Findlay the beach is 

 more nearly parallel with the moraine than it is farther west, and this part is apparently about 

 horizontal at a little above 790 feet. 



Two to three miles north of Gilboa faint and fragmentary indications of a shore line appear 

 along the crest of the moraine for about 4 miles at an altitude a trifle above 790 feet, the precise 

 altitude being difficult to determine because the deposit is mostly fine sand and somewhat wind 

 blown. 



Mr. Leverett's studies on the Maumee beaches on the. inner or northern slope of the Defiance 

 moraine show only the middle and lowest Maumee beaches to be present. The Defiance moraine 

 thus appears definitely to limit the eastward extension of the highest beach on this side of the lake 

 and at the same time to draw the middle beach up out of the horizontal plane. This is on the 

 supposition that the ice front was resting on the moraine when the inclined section of the beach 

 was being made. 



