GLACIAL LAKE SAGINAW. 359 



beat upon the shores of Lake Saginaw than before, and the second Saginaw beach (made by the 

 independent lake) was completely overwhelmed and worked over into the new, stronger, first 

 beach of Lake Arkona. 



In this way the first Arkona beach was apparently superposed upon the second beach of 

 Lake Saginaw, and what now stands as the highest strong beach in the Saginaw basin is more 

 characteristic of Lake Arkona than of Lake Saginaw. 



But Lake Saginaw made other beaches before it ceased to exist. In the western part of 

 the valley there is another Arkona ridge 10 feet or less below the upper, and the lower one is 

 generally the stronger of the two. Northeastward from Flushing a third beach gradually sepa- 

 rates below the other two and is fairly strong toward Cass City. These three beaches must 

 have been mads by Lake Arkona before the time of Lake Whittlesey, because they all occur on 

 the east side of the ''thumb" and were modified by submergence under the latter lake. For 

 descriptive details of the Arkona beaches see pages 362-375. 



SECOND LAKE SAGINAW. 



When the ice front readvanced from its position as the barrier of Lake Arkona it closed the 

 strait around the "thumb" and raised the waters east of it about 44 feet, thus inaugurating Lake 

 Whittlesey. The change, however, caused no notable alteration in the discharge from Lake 

 Saginaw, because from its beginning to the time of Lake Arkona Lake Mauinee discharged into 

 it, and after Lake Arkona ceased Lake Whittlesey discharged into it. Hence, the volume of 

 water passing out of Lake Saghiaw was not affected b3^ the changes. 



During the time of Lake Whittlesey, therefore, Lake Saginaw had a second period of inde- 

 pendent existence with its area almost at a maximum. It seems certain that the lower Arkona 

 ridge of the Saginaw basin was made chiefly by the waves of Lake Arkona, and it seems equally 

 sure that during the time of Lake Whittlesey the waves of Lake Saginaw beat upon this same 

 beach, although nothing clearly establishing this relation has been observed. In the absence 

 of positive evidence one way or the other, these inferences seem natural and necessary. 



LAKES SAGINAW AND WAYNE. 



When the waters fell from Lake Whittlesey they were lowered about 80 feet, not to the 

 Warren beach, as one might suppose, but to the Wayne beach and perhaps later to a lower level. 

 The Wayne beach lies about 20 feet below the Warren and shows modification bj^ submergence 

 after it was made, in this respect resembling the Arkona beaches. There is much reason for 

 thinking that this lake fell to still lower levels before its end. No proof of this has been found, 

 but its outlet was near Syracuse, N. Y., where the situation favored large changes of lake level 

 with relatively small oscillations of the ice front. While Lake Saginaw formed a part of Lake 

 Wayne it abandoned the Grand River channel, its water standing a little below the head of 

 that outlet. The Wayne beach is described on pages 386-391. 



LAKES SAGINAW AND WARREN. 



When the ice barrier readvanced from its position for Lake Wayne, it raised the water to 

 the level of the Warren beach, the outlet was again restored to the Grand River channel, and 

 conditions much like those of Lake Arkona prevailed. This change inaugurated Lake Warren, 

 with its shore line 25 or 30 feet below the lowest of the strong Arkona ridges. For a description 

 of the Warren beach see pages 392-398. 



LAKES SAGINAW AND LTJNDY (LAKE DANA, LAKE ELKTON). 



At the beginning of Lake Lundy, which followed Lake Warren, the Grand River outlet 

 was again abandoned, this time finally, for the waters of the Saginaw basin merged with those 

 of Lake Lundy, which chained through an outlet near Syracuse, N. Y. With the fall of Lake 

 Lundy Lake Saginaw may be said to have come to an end. 



It is thus seen that Lake Saginaw, though of relatively small area in itself, had a very 

 complicated history and was intimately connected with the development and history of Lakes 



