380 PLEISTOCENE OF INDIANA AND MICHIGAN. 



and the building of the Whittlesey beach. Where the Arkona beaches were protected, as in the 

 Black Eiver valley, they were preserved ; where they were exposed, as south of Spring Hill, they 

 were destroyed. 



One of the remarkable features of this area is the small amount of outwash that issued from 

 the moraine. A moderate amount spread along the front of the moraine as far south as Ama- 

 dore, probably burying the upper two beaches beyond their observed terminations ; but south of 

 Amadore the lower Arkona beach, though actually in contact with the foot of the moraine, 

 appears to bear not the slightest particle of silt or sand or clay — to bear no outwash whatever. 

 Such a condition is extremely hard to explain, for it would seem certain that dirty ice, such as 

 carried the material of the moraine, would in melting produce muddy silty waters and deposit 

 the sediment on the bottom, or it might build a sandy apron, as it did farther north. Possibly 

 the movements of the water in the trough may give some explanation, although this seems doubt- 

 ful. The waves that rolled up the valley might have kept the water along the ice sufficiently 

 agitated to prevent the deposition of silts and clays, but it seems hardly possible that it could 

 have prevented the deposition of sand. Another interesting evidence of the restricted efficiency 

 of wave action in this valley is the fact that where the first and second Arkona beach ridges turn 

 inward toward the axis of the valley, as they do in sec. 6, Grant Township, and sees. 31 and 30, 

 Worth Township, they grow faint and flat, like those south of Spring Hill. The meaning of this 

 seems to be that where the beaches run north and south in almost exact parallelism with the 

 axis of the deeper water in the trough they were not effectively attacked by the waves, but 

 where they turned diagonally across the valley axis they were exposed to an oscillating swing of 

 the heavier seas and were partly washed away. Unless this is true, it is not easy to explain why 

 these three beaches are strong and unmodified within a mile inside of the valley entrance at 

 Spring Hill, while they are so greatly modified a mile or two outside. 



In view of the narrowness of the entrance to Black River Bay of Lake Whittlesey and of the 

 narrowness and rather small extent of the bay itself, it is surprising to find many of the Whittlesey 

 bars and beaches within the bay so strongly developed. From their strength it might be 

 thought that they were formed before the ice front had advanced to the place of the 

 main moraine of the Port Huron system. But the beach forms, which were studied in unusual 

 detail in this area, show conclusively that this was not the case, or at least was so in only very 

 slight degree, for the Whittlesey beaches in the bay show strong predominance of wave action 

 from the south and southeast; that is, from the direction of the mouth of the bay and by deflec- 

 tion over the shallower part from the deeper trough along the east side. The submerged Arkona. 

 beaches show a different relation. (See pp. 369-370.) 



WHITTLESEY BEACH IN OHIO, PENNSYLVANIA, AND NEW YORK. 



Mr. Leverett 1 has described the Whittlesey beach in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York in 

 considerable detail, and it is necessary to refer here only to slight changes in his conclusions sug- 

 gested at one or two localities in Ohio by the new topographic maps, and in New York and 

 Ontario by recent field work done by the writer. 



In northeast Palmer Township (sees. 1, 2, and 3) and northwest Liberty Township (sees. 6, 

 7, 8, and 17), Putnam County, Ohio, there is a fragmentary beach which Mr. Leverett had 

 regarded as belonging to the Whittlesey (Belmore), but which, as shown by the altitudes on 

 the topographic map (Ottawa quadrangle) recently made of this district, is probably the lowest 

 beach of Lake Maumee. The Whittlesey beach in all probability lies 1 to 2 miles farther west 

 and more nearly in a direct fine from Pleasant Bend to Ottawa. 



Similarly, a beach running northwest from North Monroeville, Ohio, proves to be the lowest 

 beach of Lake Maumee instead of the Wiittlesey (Belmore) beach as shown by Mr. Leverett, 2 

 though the bar that runs north from this place and crosses the New York, Chicago & St. Louis 

 Railroad does belong to the Whittlesey shore. 



i Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. 41, 1902, pp. 747-757. * Idem, PI. XXII. 



