GLACIAL LAKE WAYNE. 389 



distinctly double; at Denmark its upper member is about a quarter of a mile east of the corner 

 and its lower member a few rods west of it. 



Saginaw Valley. — The Saginaw Valley south and west of Cass and Tittabawassee rivers is 

 very generally sandy at the level of this beach and the sand is fine and considerably wind blown. 

 The Wayne beach has not been certainly identified in this area. Northern Bay County and Arenac 

 and Iosco counties are of much the same sandy character below the Warren level. In these 

 counties occasional fragments thought to belong to this beach were observed some years ago, 

 but no continuous tracing was done. This beach, like the Warren, Grassmere, and Lundy (Dana, 

 Elkton) beaches, seems to end near Au Sable River in Iosco County. 



OHIO, PENNSYLVANIA, AND NEW YORK. 



In Ohio and in States farther east no systematic search for the Wayne beach has been made. 

 West of Toledo it is part of the wide sandy belt which Gilbert designates the fourth beach. Mr. 

 Leverett and the writer found a sandy and gravelly belt near Sandusky and Huron, which from 

 its altitude seemed to correspond to the Wayne beach. A sandy belt close below the Warren 

 beach, seen by the writer in 1905 at a number of places along the escarpment eastward from 

 Cleveland into Pennsylvania and western New York, probably belongs to the Wayne but has 

 not been the subject of particular study. Northeastward from the Cattaraugas Valley, in western 

 New York, the level at which the Wayne beach would be expected shows, so far as known, 

 almost nothing suggesting it. Only a few fragmentary gravel ridges have been found, like the 

 bar that runs about 3 miles west from Eden and the Cooper ridge which takes a remarkably 

 sinuous course north and west of Hamburg. It is not certain, however, that these ridges repre- 

 sent the Wayne beach, although they occur about at the level at which it might be expected. 

 They may correspond to the Grassmere beach of Michigan. 



Spencer makes no certain mention of this beach in Ontario, or of anything that might cor- 

 respond to it. The writer carefully examined the slope between Forest and the present lake 

 shore but found no sign of it, yet Spencer's Forest (Warren) beach is strongly developed at 

 Forest, which is its type or name locality. 



An indefinite stony belt seems to represent the Wayne beach just east of Mandaumin, where 

 its altitude is about 650 feet. At a number of other places a faint sandy or gravelly belt cor- 

 responding to this beach was seen, especially near Chatham, Ridgetown, and Blenheim, and 

 between Port Rowan and Simcoe. 



CHARACTER OF THE WAYNE BEACH. 



In Michigan, between Port Huron and Toledo and also in the sandy areas of the Saginaw 

 Valley, the Wayne beach is very sandy and is generally poorly defined. The sands have been 

 blown by the wind extensively. This beach also merges now and then into broader sandy 

 areas that in some places appear to be outwash and in others sandy deltas. On this account the 

 beach seems very wide in some places and broken and missing in others, and the action of the wind 

 has in places reduced it to scattered patches of sand. 



In tbese sandy districts nothing was found that showed decisively that the Wayne beach 

 had been submerged. But on the "thumb," north of Black River on the east side and north of 

 Cass River on the west side, the Wayne beach shows clear evidence of having been submerged 

 and greatly modified. On the "thumb" it is almost everywhere a gravel belt or low ridge similar 

 to the thud beach of Lake Maumee and the Arkona beaches southwest of Spring Hill. It is 

 strongly developed in few places and in many it is so faint as a surface feature that it might easily 

 be overlooked. Where fairly well developed it is peculiarly flat and broad and very unlike the 

 usual type of gravelly beach ridges which have not been submerged. 



In western New York and at Forest, Ontario, where the northwest exposure favored strong 

 wave work and the development of gravelly rather than sandy shore accumulations, the Wayne 

 beach seems either absent or almost totally destroyed. 



