GLACIAL LAKE WAYNE. 391 



but it may be the lower strand of the Warren, as the upper Warren near Ruth is 756 feet. 

 About 3^ miles north of Verona Mills a beach thought to be the Wayne has an altitude of 745 to 

 750 feet. Two miles northwest of Bad Axe gravels thought to represent this beach have an 

 altitude of 740 feet. Near Gagetown its altitude is about 720 feet. Northwest of Vassar its 

 altitude is 6S5 or 690 feet. 



This beach has not been identified with certainty at other points in Michigan or in the 

 States farther east and its altitude has not been determined in those regions. Its relation to 

 the pre-Algonquin uplift will be discussed in connection with Lake Lundy. (See pp. 405-406.) 



GLACIAL BARRIERS OF LAKE WAYNE. 



The location of the ice barriers of Lake Wayne has not been determined by observation 

 and can only be inferred from the relations of the moraines and from the relations of Lake 

 Wayne to Lake Warren and the early stage of Lake Algonquin. (See pp. 397, 407.) 



It seems hardly possible that the Wayne beach marks the lowest altitude of Lake Wayne. 

 In all probability there were lower stages and lower beaches that have not been found or have 

 been destroyed. It is possible that at its lowest stage the lake stood as low as or lower than 

 the Lundy (Dana, Elkton) beach. If it f ell below the Lundy it was in all probability identical with 

 the first stages of Lake Algonquin. Such a stage would be an isolated, transient development of 

 the latter lake precisely like the early stage of Lake Algonquin described below, which came after 

 Lake Warren. 



About all that can be said concerning the barrier in the Lake Huron basin is that it 

 stood a little farther back toward the northeast than the barriers of Lake Arkona and 

 Lake Wan-en. (See fig. 6, p. 370.) The eastern barrier had a more critical relation to 

 the lake waters, for it rested on the relatively steep northward slope of the country south of 

 Syracuse, N. Y., where every oscillation of the ice front changed the altitude of the outlet 

 and affected to a corresponding degree the level of the waters to the west. The position of 

 the eastern barrier of Lake Whittlesey is accurately known, and that of Lake Warren is 

 almost as well determined. Both of these lakes marked climaxes of readvance. Lake Arkona 

 existed during a climax of retreat, but so far as known that retreat did not extend far enough 

 to open an eastward outlet. Lake Wayne marked the next climax of retreat and apparently 

 for the first time an eastward outlet was opened. On page 18 of the Niagara folio 1 a diagram 

 shows the positions of the ice barriers of Lakes Whittlesey and Warren, and two con- 

 jectural positions for the first barrier of Lake Iroquois. Between the Niagara Falls moraine 

 which marks the barrier of Lake Warren, and the Carlton moraine, near the shore of Lake 

 Ontario, there are two and probably three moraines — the Barre on the edge of the escarpment, 

 the Albion just below it, and a moraine indicated by the morainic knolls in Newfane. All these 

 moraines mark climaxes of readvance, but the readvance to the Barre moraine, following Lake 

 Warren, did not restore the westward outlet ; so it seems almost certain that the eastern barriers 

 of both Lakes Arkona and Wayne stood only a few miles north of the Niagara Falls moraine, 

 somewhere near the Barre or the Albion moraine. 



'Niagara folio(No. 190), Geol. Atlas U. S., TJ. S. Geol. Surrey, 1913. 



