404 PLEISTOCENE OF INDIANA AND MICHIGAN. 



westward slopes rising gently eastward and descending steeply to the clay plain on the east. 

 Although the country is flat, these sand ridges show no rectilinear forms, such as waves are 

 wont to make under such simple conditions and such as are seen in the Algonquin and Nipissing 

 beaches in these same counties. Instead, the eastward fronts of these forms follow extremely 

 sinuous lines with sharp salients and deep reentrants, making the sinuosities of the front 

 relatively minute. Still more decisive as to their real character are the facts that they run up 

 or down the slope at all levels and that they have no visible surf-wasted or wave-worn belts 

 in front of them. Even in default of other features suggesting shore lines at the levels of the 

 Grassmere and Lundy beaches, these wind-blown deposits can not be regarded as representing 

 those beaches in their original places and relations. 



Arenac and Iosco counties. — The obscuration of the beaches by sand in Arenac and Iosco 

 counties is almost as complete as it is in Saginaw, Bay, and Midland counties. In northern 

 Bay County a gravelly beach ridge in fairly good development appears now and then between 

 the sandy areas. Small fragments of gravelly beaches in Bay, Arenac, and Iosco counties 

 below the Warren and above the Algonquin have been found by Leverett, Cooper, Gregory, 

 and the writer, but none of them have been traced continuously and their identity remains 

 somewhat doubtful. Around Standish fragments were found that probably belong to these 

 beaches, and west and northwest of Tawas apparently corresponding light, fragmentary, 

 gravelly beaches were found, which, with some breaks, extend northward from Tawas nearly 

 to Au Sable River. 



Alcona County. — In Alcona County north of Au Sable River a careful search was made by 

 Mr. Leverett and the writer for beaches above the Algonquin, including the Lundy, Grass- 

 mere, Wayne, and Warren, but no certain evidence of any such was found. 



OHIO, PENNSYLVANIA, AND NEW YORK. 



The Grassmere and Lundy beaches have not as yet received particular attention in Ohio 

 and Pennsylvania. Sandy and gravelly belts, generally ill defined, were found near Toledo, 

 Sandusky, and Huron, Ohio, which in all probability belong to these beaches. The same 

 forms were seen occasionally as far east as the Cattaraugus Valley in New York. From this 

 valley northward to the Niagara quadrangle only a few faint and unconnected fragments of 

 shore lines have been observed in the interval usually occupied by these beaches. A faint 

 beach near Elma, 17 miles southeast of Buffalo, appears to correspond in its general relations 

 to the Grassmere beach in Michigan. Its altitude at Elma is 767 feet above sea level, or about 

 75 feet below the Warren beach 2 miles southeast, and fragments of it were found at several 

 places northeast and southwest of this place. Several other faint fragments at lower levels 

 were found by Mr. Leverett in the same neighborhood and probably belong either to lower 

 strands of the Grassmere or to the Lundy beach. In the Niagara quadrangle the Lundy or 

 Dana beach is represented by a number of unconnected fragments near Akron, near Pekin, and 

 at Niagara Falls, Ontario, and is probably represented by fainter lines at several lower levels. 



In Ontario, between Sarnia and Wyoming, faint gravel belts were found for both of these 

 beaches, but they were not traced any distance. On the slope between Forest and Lake Huron 

 no certain evidence of the Grassmere beach was found and the Lundy beach has probably been 

 cut away by the modern lake. Faint gravel ridges marking the Grassmere and fairly strong 

 ones belonging to the Lundy were found north of Thetford. Near Essex, Leamington, Blen- 

 heim, and Ridgetown both of these beaches were found, generally in faint form, but the Grass- 

 mere near Essex and Leamington is rather strong. Near Port Rowan and Simcoe both beaches 

 are marked by belts of sand. The Lundy beach was traced 50 miles westward from Buffalo 

 and found to be nearly horizontal, leaving no serious doubt that it is the same beach as Lane's 

 Elkton beach, which has been traced some distance eastward in Ohio and Ontario. 



