434 PLEISTOCENE OF INDIANA AND MICHIGAN. 



bowlders 5 to 10 inches in diameter. Toward the west its texture is finer, but includes consider- 

 able coarse material. In places it stands 6 to 10 feet above the ground back of it. (See 

 PI. XXVI, A.) 



At Mackinac Island and St. Ignace, and wherever it has been recognized farther south, this 

 beach seems to lie on a stony, bowldery pavement like that commonly found below strong beaches. 

 Farther south, in fact, it stands on the bowlder pavement of the lowest strand of the upper Algon- 

 quin group, but at Mackinac Island it is 40 feet below the lowest of that group. The bowldery 

 belt on which it occurs is in many places wide and flat and very stony, so that the material avail- 

 able for building the ridge was largely coarse, and the situation favored the building of 

 ramparts. 



The beach is also peculiar in that, although remarkable for its strength in some localities, it 

 is very weak in other places that seem not unfavorable for its formation. So far as observed, it 

 does not split nor show double or multiple forms. In most places, however, it is accompanied 

 by one or two lighter ridges, which seem to be more closely related to it than to the groups above 

 or below. These may have split off at points farther south. This group of ridges is therefore 

 called the Battlefield group. 



From the battlefield on Mackinac Island the beach runs westward across the island and is 

 cut off abruptly at the edge of the great cliff which rises 85 feet from the Nipissing bench below. 

 Another short fragment of the Battlefield beach occurs a few rods northeast of the Grand Hotel 

 as a barrier between two knolls. What^eems to be the lowest strand of the Battlefield group 

 appears a little east of the Grand Hotel as a low, gravelly barrier ridge with beautifully crescentic 

 form. It occurs also in fine form about a mile west of St. Ignace as a heavy gravelly ridge run- 

 ning northwest and turning back to the east in a sharply hooked spit. 



Beaver Island. — On Beaver Island the Battlefield beach is particularly well formed in the 

 western-middle part of the island, where it faces northwest. Its peculiarities of composition 

 and form on Mackinac Island are here even more strongly displayed, suggesting ramparts. 



West of Cheboygan. — Except in one locality, the Battlefield beach has not been followed con- 

 tinuously for any considerable distance, but it has been identified satisfactorily at a number of 

 points on the mainland south of the Straits of Mackinac. It was found about 3 miles south of 

 Mackinaw City and was observed in fairly strong development at several places between there 

 and Cheboygan. It was followed almost continuously from south of Mackinaw City south- 

 westward nearly to Cross Village. (See PI. XXVI, B.) It passes about half a mile south of 

 French Farm Lake and wraps around the north side of a morainic knoll 2 miles east of O'Neal 

 Lake, forming a fine crescentic ridge open to the north for 1 J miles to the west. Thence it con- 

 tinues west and southwest around the headland south of Sucker Creek and turns back in a nearly 

 circular loop around Wycamp Lake. It appears again back of Cross Village and extends 2 

 miles southwest. In this stretch it is generally a well-formed ridge, with the usual stony gravelly 

 composition and bowldery foreslope. 



West of Bear Creek in Petoskey, at Burgess, Charlevoix, and Norwood, this beach was recog- 

 nized. Locally, as near Burgess, it is strong, but in some places it is ill defined. At Northport 

 and Leland a beach ridge that apparently corresponds to it was found, but the distances between 

 points of observation were rather large, and the vertical interval above the Nipissing was so con- 

 tracted that its identity does not seem certain. 



East of Cheboygan. — Between Cheboygan and Alpena most of the writer's observations 

 were made a number of years ago, mainly before particular attention was paid to the weaker 

 beaches below the upper Algonquin group, and although he found some rather weak beach ridges 

 apparently corresponding to the Battlefield beach at several places he did not particularly note 

 their characteristics and relations. At several places Gregory reports a beach or group of 

 beaches which appear to have the place and relations of the Battlefield group, but their identity 

 was not fully determined . 



Ontario. — In Ontario, at several places along the south side of Georgian Bay, Goldthwait and 

 the writer found a shore fine which appeared to correspond to this beach, but it seemed generally 

 not so well developed as in Michigan and less characteristic. Mr. Leverett found this beach 

 and its associated lighter beaches at several places on the northern peninsula and in Ontario 



