522 PLEISTOCENE OF INDIANA AND MICHIGAN. 



part of the State are inadequately supplied. Railroad facilities are, however, so good in these 

 districts that road material is easdy brought in. The additional cost of running a gravel train 

 a few extra miles is a smaller item than the loading and unloading of the cars. 



As yet no special report on the gravel and sand deposits of Michigan has been attempted, 

 but many details as to their distribution may be obtained from the Pleistocene map of the 

 southern peninsula issued in the reports by the Michigan Geological Survey for 1907 and 1912. 



UNDERGROUND WATERS. 



Underground waters from the glacial formations are generally abundant and are drawn 

 upon not only for farm use but also for public supplies in a large number of villages and small 

 cities in Indiana and Michigan. Several reports on these supplies have been issued by the 

 United States Geological Survey and incidental mention has been made in the several county 

 reports of the Indiana and Michigan geological surveys. 



Contamination of underground water is very rare in these States. Only isolated cases have 

 come to notice, most of them being in rural districts where pollution might easily have been 

 avoided by a better selection of the well site or of the place for dumping slops and refuse. 



The following list embraces the special reports issued on the underground waters of these 

 States. They pertain in part to waters from rock formations but are chiefly devoted to those 

 from the Pleistocene formations. 



Blatchley, W. S., The mineral waters of Indiana: Twenty-sixth Ann. Rept. Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. Res., 



1903, pp. 11-158. 

 Lane, A. C, Geology of Lower Michigan with reference to deep borings: Michigan Geol. Survey, vol. 5, pt. 2, 1895, 



pp. 40-87. 



Water resources of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan: Water-Supply Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 30,1899, 97 pp. 



Lower Michigan mineral waters: Water-Supply Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 31, 1899, 97 pp. 



Deep wells and prospects for oil and gas: Ann. Rept. Michigan Geol. Survey for 1901, pp. 65-75, 211-237. 



Underground waters of lower Michigan: Water-Supply Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 114, 1905, pp. 242-247. 



Many of the records published in Water-Supply Papers Nos. 182 and 183 were contributed by Lane from records 



in the office of the State geologist. Two special papers contributed by him deal with the water supplies of Lansing 



and vicinity (Water-Supply Paper No. 182, pp. 170-175) and with Huron County (Water-Supply Paper No. 183, 



pp. 257-268). 

 Leverett, Frank, Water resources of Indiana and Ohio: Eighteenth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 4, 1897, pp. 



425-559 (especially pp. 474-482, 487-493, 495-501, 511-522, 527-531, 537-544). 



Wells of northern Indiana: Water-Siipply Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 21, 18'99, 82 pp. 



Wells of southern Indiana: Water-Supply Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 26, 1899, 64 pp. 



Geological conditions of municipal and institutional water supplies in Michigan: Eighth Ann. Rept. Michigan 



Acad. Sci., 1906, pp. 99-110. 

 ■ and others. Flowing wells and municipal water supplies of the southern peninsula of Michigan: Water-Supply 



Papers U. S. Geol. Survey Nos. 182 and 183, 1907. Contributions by Isaiah Bowman, W. F. Cooper, C. A. Davis, 

 W. M. Gregory, M. L. Fuller, A. C. Lane, C. D. McLouth, J. F. Nellist, W. H. Sherzer, and J. A. Udden. 



Russell, I. C, and Leverett, Frank, Underground waters: Ann Arbor folio (No. 155), Geol. Atlas U. S., U. S. Geol. 

 Survey, 1908, pp. 14-15. 



Vatjghan, V. C, Michigan water supplies: Eighth Ann. Rept. Michigan Acad. Sci., 1906, pp. 111-118. 



SOILS. 



Close correspondence between glacial formations and the several kinds of soil developed 

 on them is natural, and the glacial maps (Pis. VI and VII, in pocket) will serve to some 

 degree as soil maps. The surface-geology map issued by the Michigan Geological Survey in the 

 annual report for 1907 has on its legend not only glacial terms but also terms used by the 

 Bureau of Soils of the United States Department of Agriculture for the sands, gravels, and clays 

 of the southern peninsula of Michigan. It is questionable, however, if there was warrant for 

 this definite application of the terms used by the Bureau of Soils, except in the particular dis- 

 tricts covered by the soil mapping of that bureau. The classifications made by the Bureau of 

 Soils are much more complex than the glacial classifications, in some places differentiating sev- 

 eral grades of soil on a single kind of glacial formation on account of slight differences in color or 

 in texture, or in coarseness of grain. 



