162 TREUBIA VOL. Ih, 224, 
The restriction “with the exception of those situated on private estates” 
also applies to the above quoted figures of VAN SPALL ($) and of DE JAAGER 
and VAN LAWICK VAN PABST (!7). This is the reason why the marine 
fish-ponds near Batavia are not included in any of the above figures. 
I am therefore unable to state the total area comprised by all the marine fish- 
ponds in Java. Neither, to my knowledge, are there available any reliable data 
_ enabling us to compute the quantity of fish produced by the Java sea- 
fish-ponds. Hence I am not in a position to draw up a comparison between 
the marine fish-culture in Java, which is virtually unknown abroad !) and 
the industries of Arcachon and Comacchio described in the literature. 
Data concerning the marine fish-farming industry in Java are to be 
found in VAN SPALL (?), DE JAAGER and VAN LAWICK VAN PABST ('’), 
in the publications of the Commission on Economic Prosperity (“Welvaart 
Commissie”) (1°) and in VAN KAMPEN (2). 
It is not intended here to go into the details of the industry itself. 
There are only two points on which I would like to touch. 
In the first place there is the question of the origin of the Javanese 
marine fish-farming in ponds. It is especially the fact that at Batavia, where 
bandeng-rearing has reached such an advanced stage of development ?), 
the owners of the ponds are largely Chinese, which, in connection with 
the general renown of the Chinese as fishrearers, sometimes leads to the 
supposition that the empang-industry might be of Chinese origin. 
VAN SPALL (3), however, already supplies data suggesting that the 
tambak-pursuit should be of native origin. 
Moreover VAN DEVENTER ('8) on page 113 records how the ancient 
Javanese laws Kutâra Manâwa, codified about 1400 A.D., threaten with 
punishments “him who steals fish from a tambak, i.e.” (as at the present 
day) “a salt water fish-pond, an artificial pond along the sea.” If therefore 
the tambak industry should be- of Chinese origin, it must have been 
introduced in Java as early as before 1400. Also the Chinese empang- 
owners at Batavia believe the Javanese bandeng-rearing to be an 
originally native pursuit. In this connection it is also significant that DABRY 
DE THIERSANT (°) in his book entitled “La pisciculture et la péche en 
Chine” does briefly discuss the Javanese bandeng-rearing, but does not 
mention anywhere in his account of the Chinese pisciculture either marine 
fish-ponds or the bandeng, as connected with China. 
In the second place I would draw attention to the construction of the 
little sluice-gates of the empangs. These will be found described and 
represented in diagram in VAN SPALL () and in DE JAAGER and VAN 
LAWICK VAN PABST ('7), Our photo no. 1 (Plate VI) represents such 
a small sluice-gate. Now it is remarkable that these little empang sluice-gates 
1) The marine fish-ponds on Java are briefly discussed by DABRY DE THIERSANT (®) 
on pages 85 and 86. Cf. p. 219 and 221. 
2) cf. VAN KAMPEN (2) and TREUB (%). 
