198 TREUBIA VOL. II, 2—4. 
Lower down in Chapter V the reader will find described, how when 
the pond is drained dry, the thin upper layer of the bottom held together 
by the tay-ayer organisms begins to crack and scale off in flakes. Upon 
the pond being filled again with water, these flakes of the uppermost layer 
of the pond bottom, held together by tay-ayer organisms, can be seen 
floating on the surface of the water, The cakes mentioned by SWELLEN- 
GREBEL, quoted by me above sub 3°, are most likely of this same origin. 
The “fine, green, forked submerged aquatic plant” referred to by 
SWELLENGREBEL will probably be Ruppia rostellata KOCH. 
In connection with the extensive masses of duckweed (Lemnaceae) found 
by SWELLENGREBEL in disused ponds, I must remark that, as Mr. C. A. BACKER, 
the botanist for the Java-flora communicated to me, so far duckweed has 
never been met with in brackish or salt water. Therefore the water in 
the “disused ponds” mentioned by SWELLENGREBEL must have been fresh 
water. In the Batavia empangs I never found duckweed. 
For the connection existing between the submerged vegetation on one 
hand and the Batavia bandeng-culture together with the production of 
Anophelines by the Batavia empangs on the other hand, the reader is 
referred to Chapter V and VII respectively. In conclusion Chapter VIII 
mentions a few small animals that can constantly be found among the 
submerged vegetation. 
CHAPTER V. 
The Bandeng (Chanos chanos (FORSK.)) 
§ 1. Name, affinities and morphological characteristics of the Bandeng. 
The fish that is reared in the Batavja empangs is the bandeng |), 
called in WEBER and DE BEAUFORT (38) Chanos chanos (FORSK.); in 
VAN KAMPEN (7°) Chanos orientalis C. V.; in GUNTHER (°) and DAY (7) 
Chanos salmoneus C. V.; in BLEEKER (*) (!) beside Chanos salmoneus 
C. V., also a.o. Chanos indicus BLKR.. In works on comparative anatomy 
(cf. GEGENBAUR ('?)) the bandeng is often referred to by the generic name of 
Lutodeira. 
In the Cambridge natural History (£°) the bandeng is referred to by 
the generic name of Chanos in the systematic part and in the general part 
in the discussion of the accessory branchial organ of certain Clupeidae, 
the so called “gill-helix”; whilst in the chapter on the alimentary canal of 
the fishes, in the discussion of the characteristic oesophagus of the bandeng, 
the-name Lutodeira only is mentioned. For the numerous other synonyms 
the systematic literature on this subject should be consulted. 
') The name “bandeng” is Malay and Javanese. 
