GUDE & WOODWARD : ON HELICELLA, FERUSSAC. 175 



of the Latinized form to the exclusion of Lamarck. Ferussac 

 further added to Lamarck's group those of other authors, for his 

 synonymy includes " Sylvicola, Humphrey ; Zonites, Montfort ; 

 Helicella, Lamarck ; and Vortex, Ocken [sicy 



The subgenus is further divided by him into four groups, with 

 synonymy as follows : — 



1. Les Lomastomes, Lomastomce. 



Sylvicola, Humphrey. 



2. Les Aplostomes, A'plostomcB [misprinted Aplotosmce]. 



Helix, Humphrey. 

 Zonites, Montfort. 

 Helicella, Lamarck. 



3. Les Hygromanes, Hygromanes. 



4. Les Heliomanes, Hiliomanes. 



It will be noted that all these group names are intended to be in 

 the plural, and that while the first two have been duly rendered into 

 Latin plurals, the two Greek names have not been so treated, but 

 are merely the vernacular repeated in italics.^ 



No one of them, therefore, can be employed as a generic, or sub- 

 generic name on his authority. Gray, in 1840 ^ employed them 

 in exactly the same sense as did Ferussac.'^ 



In the next place it is quite obvious that Helicella, Fer., can only 

 be applied to certain members of the second group, as Beck, Gray, 

 S. P. Woodward, and H. & A. Adams recognized, and cannot be 

 resorted to for any member of the fourth group as attempted by 

 later writers, notably Pilsbry, who were misled by Risso. Risso, 

 who was dealing, it must be remembered, not with Mollusca in 

 general, but only those of a limited geographical area, manifestly 

 intended to follow Ferussac in the use of the name Helicella, thougla 

 he does not acknowledge the authorship. He included in it only 

 three species, algira, Linn., rupestris, Drap., and nitida, Drap., of 

 those in Ferussac' s AjDlostomaj, drawing the remainder from the 

 Hygromanes and Heliomanes. At the same time he separated out 

 under Theha (Leach MS.) the cartusiana group, whilst confusing 

 with them three species of the Heliomanes group — pisana, Miill., 

 pyramidata, Drap., and conspurcnta, Drap. So that even if Fenissac 

 had not clearly indicated which group contained his typical 

 Helicellas, Risso's assemblage could not well be taken as indication 

 of a choice. 



* This was first pointed out by Mr. Iredale, Proc. Malac. Soc, xi, 1914, 

 p. 176. Ferussac was notoriously careless in his formation of names from 

 classical sources, e.g. Cecilioides, which he meant to derive from Ccecus. 



^ Turton's " Manual ", new edition. 



•^ Beck, " Index Moll.," p. 18, in his synonymy of Bradybcena converted the 

 two last of them into the e(iually unacceptable " Hygromanse " and 

 " Heliomanse ". 



