48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



numbers of the. " Quarterly Journal of Science ", etc., vol. xiv-xvi, 

 between October, 1822, and January, 1824. This work consists of 

 a translation of the diagnosis of the genera in Lamarck's " Histoire 

 naturelle des Animaux sans Vertibres ", Tom. v-vii, 1818-22, 

 with the designation of a type to each. These types are usually 

 taken from the first species named under the genus by Lamarck 

 in accordance with the custom then prevalent, but frequently 

 Children selects some species other than the first, e.g. under Corbula, 

 Petricola, Caly2:)trce.a, Helix, whilst under Volvaria he gives " Type 

 Volvaria hulloicles ", and states in the note : " We have chosen this, 

 though fossil, and the last of Lamarck's species, for our type, as 

 most perfectly answering the characters of the genus, and as being 

 the individual on which he originally established it. See his System, 

 1801." It is clear, therefore, that " Type " is here used in its 

 modern signification. Children, moreover, was the first to illustrate 

 Lamarck's genera, and it is unfortunate that the figures were not 

 better drawn. 



In 1825 C. Dubois published " An epitome of Lamarck's Arrange- 

 ment of Testacea ", on the same lines as Children ; it was re-issued 

 in 1828 with a new title-page, but otherwise unaltered. As he states 

 in the Introduction (p. 8) : "A catalogue of the recent species is 

 subjoined to each genus . . . and illustrative examples selected from 

 the system of Linnaeus or others, with a reference to the author in 

 whose work it is figured or described." There is, therefore, no 

 question 'of true types in this work. 



As regards figures, E. A. Crouch's " An illustrated Introduction 

 to Lamarck's Conchology ", ]827, has by far the advantage over 

 Children's work, Crouch, however, names no types, and seems 

 merely to have figured such species as were most accessible, relying 

 chiefly on his own collection. He does not allude to Children's work 

 although he thanks him for granting access to the British Museum 

 collections. 



Dr. W. Turton, in his " Manual of the Land and Freshwater Shells 

 of the British Islands ", 1831, pp. 2-11, gives a preliminary summary 

 of the genera, and instances for each a " type ". Since, however, 

 he confines himself to British species, and there is nothing to show 

 that he used the term otherwise than as a synonym for " example ", 

 we think his selections may be disregarded. 



W. Swainson's " Treatise on Malacology ", 1840, pt. ii, " Natural 

 Arrangement " gives examples for each genus or subgenus. 

 Frequently only one species is cited, but quite as often two or more 

 appear, so that there is no possibility of regarding even the single 

 examples as " types ". 



Incidentally it may be remarked that the sole exemplar under 

 Helicella is pellis-ser'pentis, of Femssac ; vi-YA&tfragilis, with identical 

 reference to Draparnaud's figure, appears under both Eruca and 

 Balia [sic]. 



