KENNAED & WOODWARD : DBSlGNAi:iON OF TYPES. 49 



A. N. Herrmannsen's celebrated " Indicis Generum Malacozoorum. 

 primordia ", 1846-52, is frequently quoted as an authority for a 

 " type ". Owing, however, to the special plan on which this work 

 was compiled, great circumspection is necessary before trusting to 

 any individual instance, so much so, indeed, that for long we 

 hesitated whether it could be validly accepted at all. To begin with 

 types are not universally cited, and for many well-known genera 

 (e.g. Area, Argonauta, CyprcBa, Mytilus, Patella) no " typus " is 

 given. Sometimes, however, as under Fusus, where ten entries 

 appear detailing the genus according to various authors, a " typus " 

 is given for two : " Fusus, Schum.," " typus : Fusus coins, Lin.," 

 and " Fusus, Swains.", " typus : Fusus syracusanus, Linn." When 

 there is no " typus " to a genus as a whole, one is often given to each 

 of the sections of the genus. Thus, under Helicella, Lamck. (whose 

 work he had not seen) Herrmannsen cites Ferussac and gives that 

 author's subdivisions, but no type, yet on turning to these sections in 

 their places in the general alphabet we find : — 



Lomastomffi : " Typus : Helix Carascalensis, Fer." 



Aplostomffi : [No type to the group.] 

 Verticilli : "Typus: Helix algira, L." 

 Hyalinae : " Typus : Helix olivetorum, Gmel." 

 Fasciatse : " vid. Aplostom^e." 



Hygromanes : " Typus : Helix cinctella, Drap." 



Heliomanes : " Typo sunt Helix rugosa, Lamck. et Hel., 

 pyramidata, Drap." 



So that, instead of one, Herrmannsen selects several types for 

 Ferussac's Helicella- 



For the Helicella of Hartmann, which is restricted to a portion of 

 Ferussac's Heliomanes, on the other hand, " Typus : H. ericetorum, 

 Miill." is cited, thus accumulating three types for the section 

 Heliomanes. As pointed out by Gude and Woodward, however, 

 (Proc. Malac, Soc, xiv, 1921, p. 176), Ferussac himself indicated 

 that the " Helicella, Lamarck ", which formed the core of his 

 extended Helicella, belonged to the Aplostomse. No subsequent 

 writer, therefore, has the right to take the name and restrict it to 

 any one of the other sections or portion thereof. Hartmann's 

 Helicella, consequently, becomes ipso facto invalid and with it goes 

 Herrmannsen's typ® for it. 



Frequently two or more species are cited as " typi ", " ex typis", 

 or " typicae species ", amongst others : — 



Helicogena, Eisso. : " Typi : H. pomatia, nemoralis, etc." 

 Carocolla, Sebum. : " Typica species : Helix lampas et indis- 



creta, Miill., et Gualtierana, Linn." 

 Chilostoma, Fitzinger : " Typicae species : Helix cornea, Drap., 



et Helix pulcbella, Miill." 



VOL. XV. — APEIL, 1922. 4 



