KENNARD & WOODWARD: DESIGNATION OF TYPES. 51 



it." Hence it is apparent that Gray, following his former chief, J. E. 

 Children, although he does not allude to his work (possibly because 

 of the private quarrel he had with him), employed " type " in the 

 modern sense. 



His designations can, therefore, be accepted when not forestalled, 

 due allowance being made for oversights and characteristic 

 inaccuracies (e.g. he cites p. 169 Liniax ater as the type of Arion, 

 and its synonym L. rufus, p. 170, as that of Limax. Again, p. 173, 

 Helix fulva is given as the type of Conulus, and its synonym 

 H. trochiformis as that of Petasia). 



S. P. Woodward, in his well-known " Manual ", 1851-56, p. 61, 

 gives it as his opinion that " the type of each genus should he that 

 species in which the characters of its group are best exhibited, and 

 most evenly balanced (Waterhouse) " . He does not appear, how- 

 ever, to have followed a consistent method in his choice. Sometimes 

 more than one " type " is given ; occasionally none ; while 

 sometimes only an " example " is cited. Hence this manual cannot 

 be taken as a guide for " types ". 



H. and A. Adams in their useful " Genera of Kecent Mollusca," 

 1853-58, give examples of each genus which are really references to 

 the specimens figured and not " types " in the present acceptation 

 of the term at all. 



With the publication of E. von Martens' edition of J. C. Albers' 

 " Heliceen . . . Zweite Ausgabe ", 1860 (wrapper dated, 1861), the 

 practice of designating a definite type for each genus may be said 

 to have become established, and most subsequent writers of repute 

 have followed his careful method. 



