SCHILDEE : ON CYPB^A AND TRIVIA. 99 



The frequent change of a specific name by the authors of the 

 nineteenth century may be illustrated by the following example : 

 the famous Orange-Cowry was called Cypra?a aurantium by Martyn 

 (1780), Gmelin (1790), Reeve (1845), Jay (1850), Roberts (1885), 

 Melvill (1888), Dautzenberg (1902), and Hidalgo (1906) ; C. aurantia 

 by Roberts (1870), Garrett (1879), and Rossiter (1882) ; C. 

 aurardiaca by Simroth (1907), and C. aurora by Chemnitz (1795, 

 as of Solander), Lamarck (1810, 1822), Dillwyn (1817), Gray (1824), 

 Sowerby (1825, 1837), Deshayes (1830, 1844), Donovan (1834), 

 Reeve (1842), Chenu (1844, 1847), Kiener (1845), Adams (1858), 

 Sowerby (1870), WeinkaufE (1881), and Paetel (1887). The first 

 is correct, the others are synonyms. The interesting change of the 

 names arctica, europa^a, coccinella, and pediculus, given to the common 

 European Trivia, can be looked up in Dautzenberg and Fischer 

 (1912, Res. camp, scient. Albert de Monaco, xxxvii, pp. 160-5). 



Deshayes (1844, Anim. sans, vert., 2nd ed., pp. 480, etc.) changed 

 his Cyprcea (now Trivia) lamarckii into pedicularis, being pre- 

 occupied by Gray, and published on pp. 501 and 504 interesting 

 remarks on the invalidity of names given only in manuscript works 

 or preoccupied by older homonyms. 



Reeve (1845, Conch. Icon., Cyprcea, spec. 65) changed C. undata, 

 Lam. nee Chem., into diluculum, nov. nom. ; the latter name must 

 undoubtedly stand, though one cannot approve of Reeve's 

 arguments : C. undata, Chem., is not valid, and Gmelin cited it as 

 C. undidata. Lamarck first described (1810) C. ziczac, Linn., as 

 undata, and undata ( = diluculum) as zigzag ; in a following work 

 (1822) he exchanged the two names. 



Morch (1852, Catal. Conch. Yoldi, p. 113, etc.) proposed the 

 following changes : — 



Cyprcea amarata, Meusch. (1787) nomen pro C. scurra, Gmel. (1790). 



„ arlequina, Chem. (1788) „ histrio, Gmel. (1790). 



„ succincta, Linn. (1758). „ cinerea, Gmel. (1790). 



„ pardus, Bolten (1798) „ pantherina. Dill. (1817). 



„ crenata, Bolten (1798) „ variolaria. Lam. (1810). 



All these names must be refused ; amarata and arlequina are 

 created by invalid authors, succincta is a variety of G. onyx, as 

 Hanley (1855) showed, and the two species named by Bolten contain 

 also C. tigris, Linn., and caurica, Linn. 



Orbigny (1852, Prodr. Paleont., iii) changed the names of some 

 fossil species as preoccupied by recent ones : Cyprcea amhigua, 

 Grat., atomaria, Grat., ovum, Grat., etc., were^called C. subamhigua, 

 suhatomaria, subovum, etc. Bayan (1870, Etudes faites Ecole d. 

 Mines, i, p. 57) did the sanie : Cyprcea jousseaumei, nov. nom. pro 

 mxirginata, Fuchs nee Gask. 



Roberts (1870, Amer. Journ. Conch., v, App., p. 189, etc.) tried 

 to show that the ancient names given by Rumphius (1705), 

 Porcellana montosa, salita, etc., must be used instead of the names 

 given by Linnaeus, and Brazier (1881, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South 



