300 PEOCEEDINGS OP THE MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



1801. Pupa rugosa, Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France, p. 63. 



1803. Turbo bidens, Linn., Montagu, Te,st. Brit., p. 357, pi. xi, 



fig. 7. [Non Linne.] 

 1805. Clausilia rugosa, Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France, p. 73, 



pi. iv, figs. 19, 20. 



1807. Turbo nigricans, Maton and Rackett, Trans. Linn. Soc, 



viii, p. 180. 



1808. Turbo nigricans, Montagu, Test. Brit. Suppt., p. 131. 



1813. Turbo nigricans, Rackett in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset, 2nd ed., 

 p. 51, pi. xix, fig. 10. 



etc. etc. etc. etc. 



Our continental confreres, whose notions of what constitutes a 

 species difiers considerably 'from ours, recognize a form under the 

 name " CI. nigricans, Pult.", which to our mind is nearer to the 

 CI. rugosa of Draparnaud, as figured and described by him, than 

 the scarce, mxore coarsely sculptured form to which they attach the 

 latter name. Draparnaud, as well known, in addition to the type 

 gave two varieties, " /3 minor, fusca, minus striata ... a moins 

 de tours a la spire," and " 7 minor, pallide fusca ". In the " Tableau" 

 he attributes 12 to 13 whorls to the type form and 9 to 10 to each 

 of the varieties. Ferussac, who probably knew Draparnaud's species 

 better than those who came after him, in April, 1820 [Journ. Phys., 

 xc, p. 301), when treating of British shells, distinctly referred to 

 nigricans as a synonym of rugosa. Again in January, 1821 {Tabl. 

 syst. Limagons, p. 67), he did the same. Pfeiffer it was, in 1848, who 

 first distinguished two species under these names {Mon. Helic. Viv., 

 ii, pp. 475-6), but did so by making clubia, Drap., a synonym of 

 " nigricans, Pult." It was Bourguignat in 1877 who introduced 

 {Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. vi, Zool., tom. vi, art. 2, pp. 33-4) the current 

 view among continental concholo gists. He does not appear to have 

 consulted Draparnaud's collection and he ignored Ferussac's opinion, 

 but since Draparnaud had cited as habitat " Sur les murs ", 

 concluded the species must exist in the neighbourhood of that 

 naturalist's native city, Montpellier. There, after search, he found 

 a form., which he admitted was " peu commun ", and, therefore, one 

 would have thought would have been the less likely to be selected 

 by Draparnaud as typical ; nevertheless he proceeded to describe 

 this as the type form of Draparnaud's rugosa. He next identified 

 the vat. /3 with nigricans, passing by the var. 7, and under CI. ^oarvula 

 (op. cit., p. 49) makes no allusion to its possible identity with either 

 the var. ^ or 7 of Draparnaud's rugosa. Locard, Bourguignat's 

 disciple, followed closely on the same lines both in his " Prodromus " 

 {Ann. Soc. Agric. Lyon, ser. v, tom. iv, 1882, p. 426) and in his 

 Coquilles terrestres de France, 1894 (pp. 282, 284). In the latter he 

 referred a strongly striate form, which is apparently only an extreme 

 variety, to rugosa, noting it as " peu commun ", while the ordinary 

 form he dubbed nigricans and admitted to be common. The following 



