SARBONIFEROUS ROCKS OF THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 115 
According to Du Toit, Glossopleris occurs in the Cynognathus beds 
of Aliwal North. Permo-Carboniferous in Mr. Etheridge’s latest sense 
would therefore include nearly all the Trias and Permian. 
The age of the Witteberg is uncertain; the few fossil plants found 
in it suge' gest an Upper Devonian or at latest Lower Carboniferous age, 
which on the evidence for its conformity would suggest a Carboni- 
ferous age for the Dwyka. The occurrence of Bothrodendron, which 
is not known above the Carboniferous, and is exceedingly rare in the 
Upper Coal Measures, if indeed it occurs in them, above the Dwyka 
at Vereeniging, supports this view. The lower end of the Permo- 
Carboniferous would therefore be in the Carboniferous, and it would 
have no stratigraphical break either above or below. 
I am therefore inclined to abandon the term Permo-Carboniferous 
and use Prof. David’s suggested term Paleeo-Permian for the Dwyka 
and Ececa. 
(C.) Question 8.—In connection with the conformable passage of 
the Glossopleris beds into the Mesozoic in New South Wales and in 
South Africa, itis perhaps interesting to note that the large labyrintho- 
dont collected by Mr. Dunston from the Wianamatta beds at St. Peter’s 
is, so far as can be seen from a short inspection, a typical Cyclotosaurus 
which marks a definite evolutionary stage of the Stereospondyli, always 
of Upper Triassic age in Hurope. 
The Australian Permian and Carboniferous. 
By Professor J. W. Gruaory, D.Sc., F.R.S., The University of 
Glasgow. 
1. In time the term Permo-Carboniferous may, it is hoped, be 
rendered unnecessary by more precise correlation of the Australian 
deposits. Correlation of distant formations rests ultimately on their 
fossils, and mainly on their marine fossils; and with increased know- 
ledge of the Australian Upper Paleozoic faunas and floras the term 
Permo-Carboniferous, which was introduced provisionally owing to 
imperfect stratigraphical evidence, may suffer the fate that has already 
overtaken such compounds as Devono-Silurian, Cambro-Silurian, 
Cretaceo-Tertiary, &c., which have been of temporary service else- 
where. Mr. Etheridge’s introduction of the term was the soundest 
course then available, but its permanent retention may be unnecessary. 
The Permian and Carboniferous systems are divided into five or 
six series. The Carboniferous system includes three series : 
Upper Carboniferous . . Uralian (or Stephanian, &c.). 
Middle “ i . Moscovian (or Westphalian, &c.). 
Lower = : . Dinantian (or Culm, &c.). 
The Permian system is divided into two or three series. Many 
authorities adopt three series, for which well-accepted names are as 
follows : 
Upper Permian . 2 . 7 . Thuringian. 
Middle __,, : : : : . Punjaubian. 
Lower ___,, 2 : . Artinskian. 
The Artinskian fauna is "taille similar to the Uralian. The 
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