220 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII . 



the back when in repose, exemplified by the two groups Achalarince and Celce- 

 norrhince. It is true that nothing is known of the early stages of the first but 

 Colonel Swinhoe quotes Doherty's statement about Calliana pieridoides that " it 

 flies in the darkest parts of the forest towards the end of the afternoon, alighting 

 with outspread wings ; in the morning it hes concealed, adhering closely to the 

 underside of leaves ; then floats lazily up and down the bed of a stream." What 

 is true of one species will probably be true of the others and, if the group be a 

 natural one as it surely has the appearance of being, what is true in respect of 

 the resting position of the members of one genus will be true of the others. The 

 general fades of all the species of the subfamily suggest strongly the known 

 species of Celcenorrhinus of the second subfamily, to which Doherty's remark 

 will equally apply. 



Celcenorrhince. — The larval stages of seven out of fourteen genera are known- 

 The eggs are dome-shaped, distinctly ribbed ; the larvae feed upon dicotyledonous 

 vegetation ; the chrysalides have well-marked and prominent expansions to the 

 spiracles of segment 2 and the proboscis free beyond the wings and the pupal 

 cell is closed. The butterflies rest with wings horizontally spread. 



Hesperiince. — The eggs are dome-shaped and strongly ribbed ; the larvse feed 

 upon dicotyledonous plants ; the pupae are like those of the preceding family, 

 in that they have strong expansions to the spiracles of segment 2, a free proboscis, 

 and they all are formed in closed cells. The butterflies rest with their wings 

 erect over their backs in repose except that, in the genera Gomalia and Thanaos, 

 as exemplified by the species G. albifasciata and T. tages (a home insect), they 

 have the habit of sitting in dull weather and at night with the wings " pent- 

 house " after the manner of noctuid moths, that is with them held slanting, the 

 inner or abdominal margin along the body, the wing thus hiding the body from 

 the side-view ; Gomalia, indeed, even curls the abdomen up like moths of the 

 noctuid genus Eutelia. This latter insect occasionallj'- holds the wings erect 

 while Frohawk says Thanaos basks with them outspread. There is thus some 

 abnormality in the group. 



IsmeneincE. — Have dome-shaped, ribbed eggs. The larvee are stout and 

 brightly coloured and feed upon dicotyledons ; the pupae are stout, pink or green 

 in colour, have no prominent expansions to the spiracles of segment 2 and the 

 proboscis is not produced beyond the wings. 



Plastingiince. — Have ribbed eggs as far as the members of it are known — and 

 only Plastingia and Suastus, a single -species of each, have been bred. The larvae 

 are found on palms (Calamus, Cane and Phoenix, the Date Palm as well 

 as other palms) ; the pupae are fairly stout and have well-developed spiracular 

 expansions to segment 2, a frontal " boss " and a short, free end to proboscis. 

 Butterflies rest with erect wings. 



Erionotince.~ILa.Ye very finely ribbed eggs, the ribs very numerous and not 

 easdy seen; the larv« feed upon bamboos and palms; the pupae are formed in clos- 

 ed, spirally coiled, roomy cells and have the proboscis produced free beyond 

 the wings (immensely long in Gangara), no promment spiracular expansions, 

 and possess a rounded bow between the eyes. Insects rest with wings erect. 



PamphilincE.— -Eggs finely ribbed or mmutely rough-tuberculate, a transition 

 between the nbbed and smooth eggs. Larvje feed upon grasses. Pup^ formed 

 m more or less laxly made cells, with a somewhat accentuated boss or pomt be- 

 tween the eyes ; probosci? free beyond the wings or not ; a well-marked though 

 not prominent spiracular expansion. The wings are held erect in repose. 



ErynnincB.— Eggs smooth or with very fine ribs with the single exception of 

 the genus Cupitha which has eggs similar to those given for the Plastingiince. 

 The larva of Cupitha also feeds upon dicotyledons while those of all the other 

 genera of the subfamily feed upon monocotyledons— palms,bamboos and grasses; 

 t also has an opaque skui whereas all the others have more or less thin skin^ 



