THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 221 



through which the tracheae can be seen. In fact this genus is abnormal and 

 really fits into no subfamily properly. Pupae of all the others as well as that of 

 Cupitha are rather like each other, have well-developed expansions to spiracles 

 of segment 2, mostly funnel-s'iaped ; the proboscis slightly produced and a 

 slight boss between the eyes. The pupal cell is closed and often, as in the genera 

 Halpe, Thoressa, is cut free fro n the plant and falls to the ground. All the 

 insects hold their wings erect in repose and often bask with them separated from 

 that position slightly. 



Baorince. — Eggs quite smooth. Naked-looking, whitish larvae feeding upon 

 bamboos, grasses or palms. Pupa naked, with a long beak between the eyes, 

 light green with a slight powdering of waxy excretion ; no spiracular expansions ; 

 a long, spatulate cremastral segment. It is formed on the underside of a leaf or 

 blade with tail-pad and body-string, quite unprotected, except that the edges of 

 the blade are draAvn towards each other sUghtly by a few silks — they are never 

 brought together completely. There is a single exception in Parnara bada where 

 the pupa is of the erynnine type and the cell is tightly closed. Indeed, this insect 

 should be included in that subfamily preferably. Parnara canaraica has its 

 pupa and cell and larva normal for Baorince. The insects all rest as in Erijnnince 

 and bask similarly. 



Notocryptinoe. — Eggs limpet-shaped, smooth except that numerous tiny, short 

 ribs (as many as 40 and over) are discernible on the narrow ring or band upon 

 which the eggs stand — they are often brown-red in colour. The larvte 

 resemble those of the preceding family but have smaller heads. The pupae are 

 precisely similar but the method of making the cells is different in the earlier 

 stages though the pupal cell is similar. The food plants of the larvae are 

 grasses or palms or belong to the family Scitamineep, the Gingers, and, 

 therefore, are monocotyledons. The butterflies rest with wings erect. 



All the above may be stated in tabular form, based upon the eggg and food- 

 plants of the caterpillers — the larvae and pupae will fit in all right : — 

 Eggs ribbed. 



Larvae feeding upon dicotyledons . . . . Subfamilies 1 , 2, 3, 4. 



Larvae feeding upon monocotyledons . . . . Subfamilies 5, 6, 7. 



Eggs more or less smooth. 



Larvae feeding upon monocotyledons . . . .Subfamilies 8, 9, 10. 



And some such arrangement as follows might eventually be found to be the 

 most natural for all the skippers of the world : — 

 Family Hesperiidce. 

 Section Pyrrhopyyides. 

 Group Pyrrhopygines. 



Subfamily Pyrrhopygince. 

 Section Hesperiides. 

 Group Celcenorrhines. 

 Subfamily Achalarince. 

 Subfamily Celcenorrhince. 

 Group Hesperiines. 

 Subfamily Hesperiince. 

 Subfamily Ismeneince. 

 Section Baorides. 

 Group Baorines. 

 Subfamily Baorince. 

 Subfamily Notocryptince. 

 It would be absurd, however, to lay down that the above arrangement will 

 eventually prove correct, for the knowledge of the earMer stages of the Skippers 

 of the world is still very scanty. That for the Indian insects of the family is 



