THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 791 



Egg-larva turning over a small, oblong piece from the edge of the leaf any- 

 where either on to the top or on to the bottom by cutting two parallel lines at 

 right angles to the edge of the leaf about a couple of larval lengths apart and wide 

 enough to make a little cylindrical cell, the end closed by a small shaped bit • 

 these generally eat just next the cell-opening at one end of the cyhnder and never 

 move afield for the purpose ; when grown they make a larger cell, eventually 

 using the midrib as the hinge, waving both ends of the piece, joining the edges 

 and coating densely with silk inside ; this oblong cell is eventually cut free 

 from the leaf and falls to the ground, as in some of the genus Halpe, the cell 

 being completely closed, after it falls, with web mixed with a copious cereous 

 excretion to keep out water Genera Siiastus, Plastingia. 



Egg-larva making an attempt at a spiral cell from the point of the bamboo- 

 leaf or palm-leaf when young, lining the inside with little steps of silk ; when 

 full-grown making a big spiral cell (as described for Gangara thyrsis under that 

 species) which is made to hang down or stand out stiff from the underside of 

 the leaf : absolutely circular in section, the opening downwards and closed 



with web and cereous excretion ; pupa with head down Genera Gangara, 



Matapa. 



Egg-larva making a little, triangular cell by turning over a portion from the 

 edge of the leaf, eating one line only and making the hinge of the leaf -surface ; 

 turned over generally on to the bottom ; this form of cell persisted into the end 

 but pupation taking place as in Baoris, Gegenes, d:c., more or less naked on the 

 underside of a leaf the edges of which are slightly drawn together for the pur- 

 pose and with slight cereous excretion Genera Sancus, Notocrypta, and 



Udaspes. 



The pupse are also characteristic. There are some with knobbed snouts or 

 head-beaks, others with long, pointed beaks, others, again, with convex frons 

 and finally some with quite even frons ; some have larg» spiracular expansions 

 to segment 2, others none at all and there are degrees of prominence of that 

 expansion ; then the proboscis may be free beyond the end of the wings, the 

 cremaster may be well-developed and long, or short and square and there 

 may be no sign of suspensory booklets which, however, are generally present ; 

 some pupas are quite naked, others have a clothing of short, erect hairs ; the 

 spiracles also may be characteristic : small or large, prominent or flush and their 

 colour also gives characters of differentiation. They, too might be classified : — 

 Stout pupa?, more or less marked with black spots and lines, pink or green 

 in colour ; the spiracles of segment 2 without expansion ; the cremaster short 

 stout, triangular ; the proboscis not produced free; the head-frons with a short 



rounded boss which is really placed between the frons and vertex Genera 



Bihasis, Ismene {gomata, Jergussoni) . 



Pupa slighter, green (pinkish in hadra), sometimes marked ; similar to that 

 of Ismene with a very slightly more accentuated boss on the frons and a very 



slight indication of expansion to the spiracles of segment 2 Genus Hasora. 



Pupa also slighter than in Ismene, the thorax more humped, the constriction 

 behind the thorax more accentuated ; dirty-white covered with cereous excre- 

 tion ; a short, triangular process ending in a spherical knob between the eyes ; 

 the spiracular expansion of segment 2 prominent and knob-like ; the proboscis 



not produced ; cremaster rather long Genus Badamia. 



Pupa moderately stout, greenish with no markings ; covering of erect, soft, 

 rather long hair in Hesperia, each from a tiny tubercle or with short, erect, 

 bifid hairs in Gomalia ; the frontal snout is a mere rounded boss ; the spiracular 

 expansions of segment 2 are large and prominent, half-crater shaped ; the pro- 

 boscis is produced free to end of a segment 9 ; the cremaster is short, stout, the 



extremity set with long, numerous, very slightly hooked shaftlets Onera 



Hesperia, Gnwalia. 



