12. 



186 



~cc dental click, African q. 



c flat click, African c. 



ck side click, African x. 



cj palatal click, African qc. 



\_c cerebral click. 



-— /, Hebrew K, Greek \ 

 ~*" ; Arabic Hamza. 



— h HTT. 



— nh strong h, Hebrew Jl. 



] a Sanscrit anuswara, mark of nasalization, 



Vowels. 



There are three series of vowels ; the upper, middle, and lower ; 

 the points representing which are placed respectively above, between, 

 and below the two horizontal lines of the letter. 



There are also three positions of vowels ; labial and dental (which 

 may be called front), palatal, and guttural. The points are placed 

 respectively at the left hand, middle, and right of the letter. 



In some cases there are three vowels of the same series in the 

 same position. These are expressed respectively by • / \ in the ap- 

 propriate place. 



The number of vowels which may be expressed is thus twenty- 

 seven ; but there are only twenty distinct vowels recognized, of 

 which ten occur in English. There are no front upper vowels. 



Each of these twenty vowels may be long or short. The long 

 vowels may be expressed by doubling, or thickening, the sign for the 

 short vowel ; or perhaps better by combining with it the mark (— ), 

 giving — , /_ or < , A or > for the long sounds of ( • ) ( ' ) ) 



