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(2) On the identity of the modern Hindu with the 
ancient Greek ship. (A model of a Bengalee ship 
was exhibited.) 
This communication explained, by reference to the model of 
a Hindu (Bengalee) boat, the minute identity in all the details 
of the mast, sails, tackle, and rudder (or stern-paddle) between 
the old Greek ship and the modern Indian river-boat. The 
lowering of the mast, the working of the yard-arm by a man 
who watches and co-operates with the steersman, and the 
manner of bringing to shore and fastening the boat, stern ashore 
and prow to the sea, were illustrated by quotations from Greek 
poets. The mechanism of the rudder, or paddle, with its 
“rudder-bands,” was explained, with the motion ofits own axis 
produced by the tiller or handle, ofaé, the rudder itself being 
called aydadvov. It is a large and heavy timber requiring 
many men to lift and carry it. Many technical terms in the 
Greek writers were identified and explained by the model, which 
appeared to represent the unchanged model that has prevailed 
for above 2000 years. 
Professor MILLER said that the boats on the Boden See 
were exact models of ancient boats, and described some peculia- 
rity of their rudders. 
Professor LIVEING said, with reference to a point Mr Paley 
had discussed, that he believed the larger junks in the East 
still had two rudders. 
Mr Pearson (Emmanuel) thought that at any rate in 
classical times the rudder had been doubled. 
