376 
must stop short of what is reyvuxy. II. dvayeoyn. As the prac- 
tical is subordinate to the speculative reason, so work is sub- 
ordinate to rest; and the aim of education is to teach men, 
first, how they shall procure, next, how they shall use, leisure. 
Here, then, is the reason of the place held by music in the 
mature life of the normal citizen—it is one of the noblest and 
most elevating employments for leisure—ministering, in that 
quality, to two special purposes,—the culture of the intelligence 
(fpovyons), first, by relaxation, then by a gentle exercise of the 
critical faculty in alliance with the imagination ;—and the 
purification of the emotions. III. xca@apous. In the Poetics 
Tragedy is described as 6.’ éd€ov kal foBou mepaivovea tiv TOV 
Tovovtay mabyudtwy Kabapow. Four principal explanations of 
‘katharsis’ have been suggested :—(1) that ‘moderating’ of the 
emotions which might arise from familiarity with such objects 
as excite them: (2) ‘chastisement of the bad passions’—an 
explanation which is at variance with Aristotle’s language, 
since it excludes pity and terror themselves from the number 
TaV ToLovT@Y TaOnuaTwv: (3) ‘the separation from pity and 
terror of what is disagreeable in such emotions when excited 
by real objects, and not, as in Tragedy, by fiction’;—a view to 
which it may be objected that the work of «d@apous is mani- 
festly something gradual, and, in its effect, lasting, not some- 
thing confined to a momentary impression; it is a ‘healing’ of 
the soul: (4) ‘the correction and refinement of the passions.’ 
Twining says: ‘the doctrine, therefore, of Aristotle...would per- 
haps only amount to this—that the habitual exercise of the 
passions by works of imagination in general of the serious and 
pathetic kind (such as Tragedies, Novels, &.) has a tendency 
to soften and refine those passions when excited by real objects 
in common life.’ 
This view seems essentially modern. It may be doubted 
whether the idea of ‘softening, refining,’ &c. had anything to do 
with the notion of «a@apots. Rather, probably, it, means “classi- 
