LAKE ESCARPMENT MORAINES. (369 



a cut made by the Painesville and Youngstown Railroad on the north bank of the 

 river: 



Section of Belmore beach south of Painesville. 



Feet. 



Coarse gravel, without distinct bedding 12 



Fine stratified gravel 4 



Coarse gravel obliquely stratified, changing below to fine gravel with irregular waved lines of 

 stratification _ _ _ _ fi_i2 



In the above section the upper 16 feet constitutes the beach proper. 

 The lower part of the section is an earher formation of glacial age. The 

 gravel is cemented with lime and contains much calcareous sand and rock 

 flour produced by glacial grinding. The obliquely stratified gi-avel lies 

 below the level of the base of the inner slope of the beach, and is probably 

 no more closely related to the beach gravels above it than is the till which 

 so often underlies beach gravels, the beach gravels in both cases being 

 produced at a later period by the waves of the lake, while the underlying 

 gravels or the till were produced by glacial agencies. 



The following description of the moraine east of Painesville is given 

 by Read:^ 



The bluff of the river is 250 feet above the lake. An irregular clay ridge, half 

 a mile north of the bluff and about 5 miles from the lake, is here the most southern 

 well-defined lake beach. It is 260 feet above the lake, and composed of bowlder claj", 

 with a surface somewhat irregular from the effects of erosion, but gently sloping to 

 the sandy ridge on which Madison village stands, the surface generally becoming 

 sand}^ as this ridge is approached. 



Thus it appears from the descriptions that the "south ridge" when a 

 moraine is composed of bowlder clay, and when a beach, of sand and 

 gravel. It is, however, but fair to call attention to the fact that Read 

 appears to have held at one time the view that the till ridge is a moraine, 

 even though in his description he calls it a lake ridge. Newberry states' 

 that Read had regarded this ridge as a moraine, but that he (Newberry) 

 considered it a clay terrace which had been cut by the lake. The chief 

 geologist of the Ohio survey thus appears to have been influential in turn- 

 ing his subordinate from a correct to an eiToneous interpretation. 



OUTEK BORDER DRAINAGE. 



The lines of escape of glacial waters on the outer border of this 

 morainic system are very plainly indicated along much of the border. 



1 Geology of Ohio, Vol. I, 1873, p. 518. ^bid.. Vol. II, 187.5, pp. 60-61. 



