OUTLETS OF LAKE WHITTLESEY. 743 



ground about a quarter of a mile north of the corner at Buel; altitude about 780 feet. 

 Again, on the east slope of a kame-ridge, 3i miles west of Applegate, is perhaps the 

 best developed beach seen in Black River Vallej^ north of Spring Hill. Its altitude is 

 about 770 feet. It is a low ridge of line sandy gravel facing east over flats 30 to 40 

 feet lower and 3 to 5 miles wide. At a point 2^ miles west and 1 mile north of Apple- 

 gate the same faint beach was found at the same height, and it was found again on a 

 slope 6 miles west and 1 south. There is also a very faint mark at the same height on 

 the north slope of this kame-ridge, facing north over Elk Creek and the great Black 

 River Swamp. * * *' Along Black River from Carsonville southward towai'd 

 Applegate there is an extensive gravel plain 30 to 35 feet below the beach. At the 

 cemetery, 2 miles south of Carsonville, the valley at the head of the beach is narrowed 

 somewhat where it passes between the high moraine east of Black River and the kame- 

 ridge which lies along the south side of Elk Creek. From the narrows the Black 

 River Swamp extends northward over the summit to Cass River at Tyre and Ubly, a 

 distance of 30 miles. In this stretch no beach or certain water mark was found. The 

 Belmore beach had, therefore, to be given up without having definitely established 

 its connection by continuous tracing with any outlet channel. The faint fragments 

 near Buel and Applegate are the only ones found north of Spring Hill that could be 

 supposed to belong to this beach. Nevertheless it i.s clearh'^ the correlative of the 

 Tyre-Ubly outlet described next below. 



The Black River Swamp passes over the col to the head of Cass River, about 

 2 miles east of Ubly. A low gravel bank on the west side and midchannel bars on 

 the crossing east of Ubly indicate that the water was at least 10 or 12 feet deep on 

 the col. This is now about 790 feet above sea level. The old water level is there- 

 fore about 800 feet. On this crossing the swamp is nearly a mile and a half wide. 

 The main channel passes northwest from the col to a point about a mile north of 

 Ubly, where it becomes much narrower, scarcely more than a half mile, and makes a 

 sharp bend to the southwest, in which direction it continues 17 miles to its terminus, 

 about a mile east of Cass City. Ubly is on the floor of the channel, on the east side, 



1 mile south of the bend. Two other smaller branch outlet channels cross cols about 



2 miles east and southeast of Tyre. At this place they unite and pass thence as one 

 channel close to Ubly on the south, and join the Ubly channel at a point a mile or 

 more below the latter place. Tyre is about 4 miles southeast of Ubly and is also on 

 the channel floor. Both channels possess distinct chai-acters of water courses. The 

 Tyre channel is a bowldeiy swamp for some distance above the town, and at the 

 station there is scarcely any covering over the underlying sandstone. The strata are 

 bare in many places and the thin soil is very gravellj^ and stony. The Ubly chan- 

 nel is floored almost entii'elj' with beds of gravel above the junction of the branches. 

 Bowlders are numerous in some places, as on the east side a little below the bend, 1 

 mile north of Ubly. The gravels were observed at several places to be at least 4 or 

 5 feet deep. Below the bend the width of the channel mcreases to three-fourths of 

 a mile to a mile, and keeps this width to Cass City. From the junction the floor of 

 the channel is covered with great numbers of bowlders for the most of the distance 

 down to its lower end. The bowldery floor, nearly a mile wide, is well displayed at 

 Holbrook, about halfway down from Ubly. The floor a mile and a half east of Cass 

 City has an altitude of about 730 feet. In its present attitude the floor descends 



