276 REPORTS ON THE STATE OF SCIENCE.—IOQ13. 
The factors which have been taken into con- 
sideration are : (1) The nature of the psychological 
process involved in reading; (2) the quality of the 
workmanship employed in book-production ; (3) the 
quality of the paper on which text and illustrations 
are printed; (3a) the mode of binding books; 
(4) the character of the illustrations and the pro- 
cess employed for their reproduction ; (5) the colour 
and quality of the ink used in printing the text ; 
(6) the mode of printing ; (7) the character of the 
type ; (8) the size of the type faces and their 
vertical and horizontal separation; (9) the length 
of the lines; (10 to 18) particular requirements 
of special subjects. 
1. The psychology of the reading process—The 
special consideration to be here noted is that the 
printing should be such as will facilitate the main 
aim of reading—viz. the getting of the meaning of 
what is read. The trained reader generally recog- 
nises whole words and phrases at a glance. It is 
therefore important that the process of beginners 
should be made as easy as possible towards the re- 
cognition of word-wholes and phrase-wholes by the 
use of type suitable in character and judiciously 
spaced. The best type for isolated letters is not 
necessarily the best for word-wholes, and attention 
must be given to the comparative legibility of 
letters as seen in context. 
2. Workmanship.—It frequently happens that 
much of the good effect of well-selected type, paper, 
&c., is neutralised by inefficient workmanship. In 
all the recommendations which follow, good work- 
manship will be assumed. 
3. Paper.—The paper should be without gloss. 
Glazed paper is trying to the eyes by reason of 
reflections which are apt to interfere with binocular 
