286 REPORTS ON THE STATE OF SCIENCE.—IQ13. 
ning, and children should not be allowed to hunt 
for a name in an undirected fashion, as they may 
thus have to read fifty names in finding the one 
sought. Atlases intended for use by children under 
nine should have no type smaller than ten-point, 
with minimum height of 1°6 mm. or one sixteenth 
inch for the short letters. No school atlas should 
be printed with type smaller than eight-point, with 
minimum height of 1:2 mm. for the short letters. 
The type should be extended; italics should not 
be used more than is necessary, and should not 
have fine hair-lines. 
It is not necessary that every map should be 
coloured. (It has already been pointed out that 
colour decreases legibility.) In the case of 
beginners, the colour helps the appreciation of area ; 
but for this purpose the colouring should be pale, 
and few names inserted. For the pourtrayal of 
relief, the practice of block-shading the contours is 
better than heavy black hill-shading by hachures. 
Maps should be duplicated where it is necessary 
(¢.g., Switzerland) to exhibit great variation of 
contour together with several place-names. In 
general it is better to multiply maps than to put 
much detail into one. 
If a system of inserting the names of every 
town of a certain population be adopted, the 
result is certain to be overcrowding of those 
portions of the maps which represent highly- 
populated countries. It would be better to avoid 
this overcrowding, even at some sacrifice of system- 
atic uniformity. Modern methods in the teaching 
of geography are reducing the hunting for place- 
names, and thereby diminishing eye-strain. This 
advantage will be more general when the supply 
of orographical maps to public elementary schools 
