542 TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION E. 
latitudes will continue to be characterised specially by its variety, the variety 
doubtless increasing, and the quantity increasing in still larger measure. The 
chief modification in the future may perhaps be looked for in the occasional 
transference of manufactures of raw materials produced in the tropics to 
places within the tropics, especially when the manufactured article is itself 
largely consumed near regions of production. ‘The necessary condition here 
is a region, such as (e.g.) the monsoon region, in which there is sufficient 
variation in the seasons to make the native population laborious; for then, and 
apparently only then, is it possible to secure sufficient industry and skill by 
training, and therefore to be able to yield to the ever-growing pressure in more 
temperate latitudes due to increased cost of labour. The best examples of this 
to-day are probably the familiar ones of cotton and jute manufacture in 
India. With certain limitations, manufacturing trade of this kind is, however, 
likely to continue between temperate and strictly tropical regions, where the 
climate is so uniform throughout the year that the native has no incentive to 
work. There the collection of the raw material is as much as, or even more than 
can be looked for—as in the case of mahogany or wild rubber. Where raw 
material has to be cultivated—as cotton, cultivated rubber, &c.—the raw 
material has to be produced in regions more of the monsoon type, but it will 
probably—perhaps as much for economic as geographical reasons—be manu- 
factured at some centre in the temperate zones, and the finished product 
transported thence, when necessary, to the point of consumption in the tropics. 
We are here, however, specially liable to grave disturbances of distribution 
arising from invention of new machinery or new chemical methods; one need 
only mention the production of sugar or indigo. Another aspect of this which 
is not without importance may perhaps be referred to here, althowgh it means 
the transference of certain industries to more accessible regions merely, rather 
than a definite change of such an element as latitude. J have in mind the 
sudden conversion of an industry in which much labour is expended on a small 
amount of raw material into one where much raw material is consumed, and 
by the application of power-driven machinery the labour required is greatly 
diminished. One remembers when a fifty-shilling Swiss watch, although then 
still by tradition regarded as sufficiently valuable to deserve enclosure in a 
case constructed of a precious metal, was considered a marvel of cheapness. 
American machine-made watches, produced by the ton, are now encased in the 
baser metals and sold at some five shillings each, and the watch-making in- 
dustry has ceased to be specially suited to mountainous districts. 
In considering the differences which seem likely to arise in what we may 
call the regional pressures of one kind and another, pressures which are re- 
lieved or adjusted by and along certain lines of transport, I have made a 
primary distinction between ‘east-and-west’ and ‘north-and-south’ types, 
because both in matters of food-supply and in the modes of life which control 
the nature of the demand for manufactured articles climate is eventually the 
dominant factor; and, as I have said, climate varies primarily with latitude. 
This is true specially of atmospheric temperature; but temperature varies also 
with altitude, or height above the level of the sea. To a less extent rainfall, 
the other great element of climate, varies with latitude, but the variation is 
much more irregular. More important in this case is the influence of the dis- 
tribution of land and sea, and more especially the configuration of the land 
surface, the tendency here being sometimes to strengthen the latitude effect 
where a continuous ridge is interposed, as in Asia, practically cutting off ‘ north- 
and-south’ communication altogether along a certain line, emphasising the 
parallel-strip arrangement running east and west to the north of the line, and 
inducing the quite special conditions of the monsoon region to the south of it. 
We may contrast this with the effect of a ‘north-and-south’ structure, which 
(in temperate latitudes especially) tends to swing what we may call the regional 
lines round till they cross the parallels of latitude obliquely. This is typically 
illustrated in North America, where the angle is locally sometimes nearly a 
right angle. It follows, therefore, that the contrast of ‘east-and-west’ and 
‘north-and-south’ lines, which I have here used for purposes of illustration, is 
necessarily extremely crude, and one of the most pressing duties of geographers 
at the present moment is to elaborate a more satisfactory method of classifica- 
tion. Jam very glad that we are to have a discussion on ‘ Natural Regions’ at 
