586 TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION F. 
known all over the world for their quality. Honest goods and honourable 
dealing on the part of the seller are their own market. 
In conclusion, the economic effects of the route can be easily exaggerated. 
So far as the outside world is concerned, the greatest effect of the opening of 
the Canal will probably be to get commerce and trade out of a groove, and cause 
an all-round modernisation of business methods. The old will have to be 
scrapped, friction among the factors of production will have to be eliminated, 
gout and labour in competing countries will have to learn to work harmoniously 
together. 
Socially and economically this will effect a very great result. Is it what 
America dreamed of when she entered upon this stupendous undertaking? 
2. Einglish Town Development in the Nineteenth Century. 
By F. Truuyarp. 
During the century the main social problem changes from a rural to an urban 
problem. Is there a single or a dual movement in the urban centres? View of 
the ‘majority commissioners.’ When did the separation of upper and lower work- 
ing-class begin? The physical separation is based on desire for healthier 
physical surroundings. 
1809-1830 period.—Sanitation of the period; legislation by Private Acts 
of Parliament examined for various towns; administration (especially in 
regard to the drink traffic) and its moral effects. 
1830-1870 period.—Enormous growth of urban population ; housing policy 
of the period; back-to-back houses; no general improvement in death-rate ; 
the change in licensing policy and ante-1869 beerhouses ; evidence of present- 
day survivals from this period; the Private and General Adoptive Acts of 
the period; minor legislation and administrative successes. 
1870-1900 period.—The legislation of the seventies opens a new chapter ; 
its importance for the future and its failure in existing districts; difference 
between ‘slum’ and ‘industrial suburb,’ mainly pre-1872 and post-1872; 
this legislation at work in three types of towns exemplified by Birmingham, 
Leicester, and Middlesbrough. 
Is special legislation needed for the pre-1872 districts? Should the general 
standard of sanitary legislation be raised ? 
3. Human Geography and Industry Planning. 
By C. R. Enocg, F.R.G.S. 
The author submitted that the economic problems before the world at the 
present time call for the establishment and exercise of a comprehensive and 
constructive science, whose aim would be to evolve and teach the principles 
under which economic equilibrium in the life of communities may be attained. 
It was argued that the real science of living on the earth, or ‘human geography,’ 
the adaptation of natural resources and national potentialities to the life of the 
community, has never been formulated. The congestion of the population in 
towns, the desertion of the countryside, the high cost of living, low wages, 
unemployment, and so forth, are related phenomena, intimately connected with 
the conservation and development of natural resources. The axiom was advanced 
that the world is capable of supporting all its inhabitants in sufficiency, and its 
failure to do so is due to the non-emergence so far of an organising science, 
whose deliberations would be aloof from egoistic or partisan influences. It was 
affirmed that the teaching and operations of such a science is necessary if 
social security is to be maintained and civilisation advanced; and it was sug- 
gested that to give effect thereto an institution should be established which 
would bear the same relation to the science of living as their corresponding 
institutions do to physical, geographical, medical, or other sciences. 
