614 TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION H. 
arrangement with the Royal Anthropological Institute for the British Association. 
This volume of ‘ Notes and Queries ’ has been before the public for about forty 
years, and is now in the fourth edition, which shows a great advance on its 
predecessors and conforms to the stage of development which the science has 
reached up to the present time. 
The object of the ‘ Notes and Queries’ is stated to be ‘to promote accurate 
anthropological observation on the part of travellers (including all local 
observers) and to enable those who are not anthropologists themselves to supply 
information which is wanted for the scientific study of anthropology at home.’ 
So, in the heads under which the subject is considered in this book, we have 
exhibited to us the entire scope of the science as it now exists. These heads are 
(1) Physical Anthropology, (2) Technology, (3) Sociology, (4) Arts and Sciences. 
It is usual, however, nowadays to divide the subject into two main divisions— 
physical and cultural anthropology. 
Physical Anthropology aims at obtaining ‘as exact a record as possible of 
the structure and functions of the human body, with a view to determining how 
far these are dependent on inherited and racial factors, and how far they vary 
with environment.’ This record is based on two separate classes of physical 
observation : firstly on descriptive characters, such as types of hair, colour of 
the eyes and skin, and so on, and actual measurement; and secondly on attitudes, 
movements, and customary actions. By the combined study of observations on 
these points physical heredity is ascertained, and a fair attribution of the race 
or races to which individuals or groups belong can be arrived at. 
But anthropology, as now studied, goes very much further than inquiry into 
the physical structure of the human races. Man, ‘unlike other animals, 
habitually reinforces and enhances his natural qualities and force by artificial 
* means.’ He does, or gets done for him, all sorts of things to his body to 
improve its capacities or appearance, or to protect it. He thus supplies himself 
with sanitary appliances and surroundings, with bodily ornamentation and 
ornaments, with protective clothing, with habitations and furniture, with 
protection against climate and enemies, with works for the supply of water and 
fire, with food and drink, drugs and medicine. And for these purposes he 
hunts, fishes, domesticates animals, and tills the soil, and provides himself with 
implements for all these, and also for defence and offence, and for the transport 
of goods, involving working in wood, earth, stones, bones, shells, metals and 
other hard materials, and in leather, strings, nets, basketry, matting and weaving, 
leading him to what are known as textile industries. Some of this work has 
brought him to mine and quarry, and to employ mechanical aids in the shape of 
machinery, however rude and simple. The transport of himself and his 
belongings by land and water has led him to a separate set of industries and 
habits: to the use of paths, roads, bridges, and halting places, of trailers, 
sledges, and wheeled vehicles; to the use of rafts, floats, canoes, coracles, boats, 
and ships, and the means of propelling them, poles, paddles, oars, sails, and 
rigging. The whole of these subjects is grouped by anthropologists under the 
term Technology, which thus becomes a very wide subject, covering all the 
means by which a people supplies itself with the necessaries of its mode of 
livelihood. 
In order to successfully carry on what may be termed the necessary industries 
or even to be in a position to cope with them, bodies of men have to act in 
concert, and this forces mankind to be gregarious, a condition of life that 
involves the creation of social relations. To understand, therefore, any group of 
mankind, it is essential to study Sociology side by side with Technology. The 
subjects for inquiry here are the observances at crucial points in the life history 
of the individual—birth, puberty, marriage, death, daily life, nomenclature, and 
so on; the social organisation and the relationship of individuals. On_ these 
follow the economics of the social group, pastoral, agricultural, industrial, and 
commercial, together with conceptions as to property and inheritance (including 
slavery), as to government, law and order, politics and morals; and finally the 
ideas as to war and the external relations between communities. 
We are still, however, very far from being able to understand in all their 
fulness of development even the crudest of human communities, without a 
further inquiry into the products of their purely mental activities, which in the 
‘Notes and Queries’ are grouped under the term ‘Arts and Sciences.’ Under 
