632 TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION Ha: 
I have as yet been able to collect—the dead are made to face in the direction of 
the Land of the Dead. This Land of the Dead is again in the direction of the 
land from which the folk in question believe themselves to have come. 
Direction of | Direction of | Direction of Home| 
Ey Orientation | Land of Dead | of Forefathers | 
Kachar) oscil keen 8. | Not known 8. or E, 
Khasi se a i, ee E. | Not known E. 
Kiuki Kom oe. fee Ss. | S. | 8. 
Karo-Batak . . . W. W. | Not known 
Bacon, Poeee Sietielani S. | S. | S. 
Tenggerese . . . Orientation towards holy mountain | 
Mamba cage: uiusseahap tus W.E. | Not known W. 
Olo Ngadjoe . . . Orient towards the land of the dead 
cif) ANG Ut i ra oe W. | W. | Not known 
Halmahera . . . W. | E.W. W. 
LASCETT G -th M eitcint h le a N. N. N. 
Timorlaut 5 eee Pe W.E. | W. | W. 
Babar A ee oy Ee eS W. W. | W. 
Leti, Moa, Lakor . - E. E. E. 
Tettum . . .  . Orient towards the land of the dead 
SNe UntOr eter ic E. | Not known E. 
| Savoe BLA iec fag le Wael W. W. W. 
i 
2. The Stability of Tribal and Caste Groups in India. 
By W. Crooxg, B.A, 
In this paper the following statement by the late Sir H. Risley was dis- 
cussed : That ‘nowhere else in the world do we find the population of a large 
continent broken up into an infinite number of mutually exclusive aggregates, 
the members of which are forbidden by an inexorable social law to marry outside 
of the group to which they themselves belong. . . . In this respect India presents 
a contrast to most other parts of the world, where anthropometry has to confess 
itself hindered, if not baffled, by the inter-mixture of types obscuring and con- 
fusing the data ascertained by measurements.’ 
In opposition to this doctrine, an attempt was made to show that, in spite of 
the formal rules regulating endogamy and exogamy, there is much less stability 
in the tribal and caste groups than Risley supposed to exist. In particular, many 
of the larger groups were shown to be distinctly heterogeneous; the tendencies 
promoting miscegenation were discussed; and the effect of these conclusions on 
the validity of the anthropometric evidence considered. 
3. Souling, Clementing, and Catlerning: Three November Customs of 
the Western Midlands.2, By Miss C. S. Burne. 
Early calendar festivals were at once religious, social, and economic. The 
Celtic and, maybe, the Teutonic year also, began and ended in November. It 
was a season of social enjoyment and also a Feast of the Dead. The Ist of 
November, ‘ Hallowmas,’ or the Feast of All Saints (followed by that of All 
Souls), besides being a high ecclesiastical festival and the occasion of special 
ceremonies and amusements, is still in some parts of Great Britain the date for 
entering on and terminating annual tenancies and business contracts. In 
Cheshire, North Shropshire, and North Staffordshire, children observe it by 
begging for cakes, ale, and apples. This they call ‘Souling.’ But in South 
Staffordshire the dole of ale and apples is solicited on St. Clement’s Day, 
? To be published in Journ. R. Anthrop. Inst. or Man. 
? To be published in -Folkiore. 
