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TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION H. 637 
The majority of the published inscriptions contain invitations to or records 
of alliances between the chiefs of the Hittite states, which coincides with what 
is known from Assyrian, Hebrew, and Aramaic history. 
Sus-Section oF Puystcan ANTHROPOLOGY. 
The following Papers were read :— 
1. The Evolution of Man from the Ape. 
(i) On the Differentiation of Man from the Anthropoids. 
By Professor CarverH Reap. 
All the prominent characters, functional and structural, that distinguish man 
from the anthropoids (except his relative nakedness) may be understood as 
consequences of his having shown a special liking for animal-food. Many 
primates eat various sorts of animal, but only man can be called carnivorous. 
If we suppose that our anthropoid ancestor was adapted to a frugivorous 
forest life, like the extant anthropoids; that some (or even one) of his species 
had a liking for animal-food strong enough to lead them persistently to seek it; 
that this habit was useful by increasing the supply of food, and that it was 
inherited by their descendants; then differentiation would set in and gradually 
have the following results : 
1. Life on the ground and beyond the limits of the forest. 
2. The erect gait as the normal mode of progression with all the changes of 
bone, joint, and muscle that make this possible. 
3. The lengthening of the legs and specialisation of the feet. 
4, The shortening of the arms and development of the hands. 
5. The use of wrought weapons and snares. 
6. Reduction of the size and weight of the jaws and teeth. 
7. Shortening of the alimentary canal. 
8. Association and co-operation for the purpose of hunting, especially the 
hunting of big game. 
9. The beginnings of articulate speech as a means to such co-operation. 
10. Great increase of knowledge and intelligence as required by the change 
of life. 
11. Reduction of thickness of skull and increase of its capacity. 
12. Discovery of the way to produce fire during the making of weapons of 
flint or of wood. 
13. Loss of seasonal marriage through greater regularity of the supply of 
food. 
14. The great variability of man from race to race and from individual to 
individual, in stature, colour, size of brain, shape of skull, &c. 
Beyond these considerations lie many others concerning the moral and 
political development of society. Early art, magic, and religion owe much to 
the savage’s intense interest in animals. But to treat of these matters we 
need many premisses besides the fact that we are beasts of prey. Every advance 
in culture makes society more complex, and obscures the influence of any one 
cause. 
(ii) The Factors which have determined Man’s Evolution from the Ape. 
By Harry Campsetn, M.D. 
Man’s evolution from the ape has essentially been a mental evolution. Brain 
and mind have evolved pari passu by the continued selection of favourable 
hereditable variations. Mental, like morphological, evolution proceeds just so 
far as, but no further than, is needful for adaptive service. 
In order that an advance in intelligence may enhance the chance of survival, 
the individual- manifesting the advance must be endowed with the means of 
turning it to practical account. Only a being possessed of prehensile hands, 
capable of giving effect to the dictates of mind, could evolve into man; an 
