638 TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION H. 
oyster endowed with the mind of a Newton would in no way be advantaged in 
the struggle for existence. 
It was the abandcnment of an arboreal for a terrestrial life, in the search 
after animal food, which determined man’s evolution from the ape. While the 
carnivorous mammal is a perfect butchering machine, endowed with the 
necessary instinct for scenting and stalking its prey, and the necessary equip- 
ment of muscle, tooth, and claw for seizing and destroying it, the pre-human 
ape, lacking these endowments, but gifted with hands and no small degree of 
intelligence, was obliged to rely wpon these in hunting his prey; for blind 
instinct he had to substitute strategy; for natural weapons, weapons made by 
hand. Intelligence thus began to count in the life struggle as it had never 
counted before, and mental evolution was correspondingly accelerated. The 
first employment of crude weapons by the few created a new standard of mental 
fitness, and (by the elimination of those incapable of attaining to it) compelled 
a levelling up of the entire species to that standard. And so in regard to every 
advance in mechanical and strategic skill. Thus began a struggle in which 
it was inevitable that a higher and higher intelligence should continue to tell 
until man became supreme in hunting skill, until he reached a grade little 
inferior, perhaps, to that of the primitive Australian. 
Other contributory factors in furthering man’s mental evolution were: 
(1) Polygamy ; (2) Inter-tribal warfare; (3) Factors influencing the evolution of 
the feelings. 
1. The evolving man, like his ape ancestor, was polygamous. While in 
early homo-simian times success in securing wives rested essentially upon brute 
force and courage, in process of time mental excellence began to play its part; 
it was the man combining a good physique with high mental endowment who 
became the tribal leader and secured the largest number of offspring to inherit 
his excellence. 
2. By the time man had become a skilled hunter of large game tribal life 
kad begun, and inter-tribal warfare introduced the most terrible fighting the 
world had yet seen—as a fighter man stands supreme in the animal world— 
and this led to the ceaseless destruction of the least brainy by the more brainy 
tribes. From the standpoint of evolution the effect was the very opposite of 
modern warfare, which tends to eliminate the fittest, physically at least, on 
either side indifferently. 
One fact stands out glaringly from the foregoing considerations : man’s 
intellectual evolution has taken place essentially through bloodshed—indirectly 
by the slaughter of inferior animals, directly by the slaughter of his own kind. 
In his onward course he has left behind him one [ong trail of blood. 
3. Among the factors which have influenced the evolution of mind on the 
moral side have been: (a) The restrictions and obligations of communal life, 
which have led to a stringent elimination of those least able to conform to 
them; and (b) motherhood, to which the evolution of the altruistic disposition 
is traceable. 
Regarding man’s ultimate psychic destiny, intellectual evolution has ceased, 
not because it has reached its possible limit—the evolution of superman (in- 
tellectually considered) is biologically possible—but because super-normal 
intelligence no longer enhances the chance of survival. On the other hand, 
moral evolution is proceeding by the survival of superior moral types. Man, 
in short, will tend to become better, if not cleverer. 
(iii) The Relations of the Lower Jaw to Articulate Speech. 
By Dr. L. Rosinson. 
2. Ethnography of Wales and the Border. 
By Professor H. J. Furure, D.Sc., and T. C. Jamss. 
Previous reports have been presented to Section H in 1907 and 1910. The 
method employed avoids averages as far as possible, and deals with individuals. 
Twenty characters and measurements, as well as details of ancestry, are recorded 
on a card for each individual. These cards can then be studied for correlations 
and distributions. For this purpose a scheme of registration marks has been 
