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TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION H. 639 
adopted. A, variously written, indicates adult men of various grades of pigmenta- 
tion with cephalic index under 73; B similarly indicates those with indices 
73-74, and so on. These letters can be underlined, overlined, enclosed, &e., to 
indicate other characters. 
About 2,300 individuals have been examined. 
The letters are placed on maps in the district to which the individual observed 
belongs by descent, but those with ancestry in several districts are not entered 
on the maps. 
Maps thus prepared enable us to discriminate local types and distributions. 
Chief types :— 
(1) An ancient type (pre-Mediterranean?) with large, very long head, 
index 71, prognathous, strong eyebrows, receding forehead, dark colouring. 
(2) and (3) Mediterranean types with characters recalling Mongoloid 
and Negroid types respectively. : 
(4) The average Mediterranean type—long head, index 72-79 (average 
75), strong occipital protuberance, nose straight, slightly prognathous, 
slightly under average stature, dark colouring. 
(5) Smooth-contoured Mediterranean type, otherwise like No. 4. 
(6) Supposed diluted Mediterranean types—often have grey eyes, less 
occipital protuberance, no prognathism. 
(7) Tall, fair, light-eyed, long- or medium-headed men, without pro- 
gnathism, may be considered Nordic. 
(8) Tall, fair, light-eyed, broad-headed, short-faced, and frequently 
aquiline-nosed types, may be considered Alpine-Nordic. 
(9) Dark, bullet-headed, short, thick-set men, usually considered Alpine. 
(10) Powerfully built, intensely dark, broad-headed, and broad-faced men. 
(11) Tall, powerfully built men, with broad head, high forehead, strong 
eyebrows; usually medium-brown haired, light eyes, rufous beard. 
In addition to the above types, there are distinctly red-haired individuals, 
Tregaron, in Cardiganshire, being a marked centre for this character. Women 
fall into approximately the same types, though No. 8 is very rare among them; 
they are distinctly darker than the men, and types 4-6 are specially predominant. 
Mediterranean types are the fundamental element, and are specially pre- 
dominant in the valleys among the great moorland areas which presumably have 
been open country from early times, and which possess earthworks, trackways, 
tumuli, megaliths, and other traces of early man. The Teifi dales, near Llandyssul 
(Cardiganshire), the Denbighshire valleys off the great moorland, the north 
Glamorgan valleys, deep slots cut in a moorland, are good instances. Five men 
of type 1 have been traced back to the Plynlymon moorland. Mediterranean 
types are found on the Welsh border, chiefly in the old Chase and Forest areas, 
but they seem to be spreading quickly in industrial centres. 
Abercromby supposes the Bronze Age invaders of Britain to have fused with 
the earlier population, and to have given it a leavening of broad heads; these 
latter form a considerable part of the population of Eastern Britain. The 
massiveness and roughness of the type, however, would appear to have gone. 
In most parts of Wales, even those strongly influenced by the lower moorlands 
discussed above, we find a few broad-headed people; but they are numerous and 
important in some deep valleys between craggy mountains or along great through- 
lines. The great cleft from Bala to Dolgelly and Towyn possesses many of 
these men, mostly of type (8) above, the aquiline nose being highly charac- 
teristic. Whether they are to be identified with the type of the Bronze Age 
invaders or not is an open question. 
In the valleys leading down to Dee and Severn from the extensive and high 
inland plateau of North Montgomeryshire there are numbers of short, dark men, 
with very broad heads and stocky build. They are fairly typical Alpines, but 
their place in the race-history of the country ‘is quite uncertain; it would be 
interesting to look for them in the upper ends of valleys in Shropshire and 
elsewhere. In the lowlands of Severn and Dee these people give way to a fair 
type, which is often tall and rather broad-headed near the Dee. 
On the coast from Portmadoc to Barmouth the Mediterranean type forms only 
a very moderate part of the population, and is clustered mainly about a small 
plateau region behind Harlech and Llanbedr. There is here a strong infusion 
