684 TRANSACTIONS OF SUB-SECTION T. 
MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 15. 
Joint Meeting with Section L.—See p. 744. 
TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 16. 
The following Papers were read :— 
1. Application of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale to Normal Children 
im Scotland. By J. L. McIntyre, D.Sc., and Acnes L. Roaers, 
M.A. 
This paper gave the results of a series of experiments in the demonstration 
school attached to the training centre in Aberdeen. The general aim was to 
study the application of the scale, its value in the discrimination of backward 
from normal children, and its suitability, in the case of Scottish children, for 
determining the degree of backwardness or ability in the individual child. 
The 1908 scale was used, but account was also taken of the modifications intro- 
duced by the 1911 scale, and our data were correlated with those of Goddard 
in America and others. 
The general result supports the now familiar criticism that the tests are 
too easy for the earlier and too hard for the later years. Fairly satisfactory 
for five, eight, nine, and ten, they are quite unsuitable, for various reasons, at 
four, twelve, and thirteen, and poor at the other ages. Some of the tests 
would require, for our conditions, to be set back or advanced from one to three 
and even four years. 
The tests in which the northern children conspicuously failed, at the required 
age, are in the main those which may be said to appeal to ‘natural intelligence,’ 
alertness, adaptability, &c., while those in which they show precocity are 
mainly those which ying into play habit, training, and memory. This un- 
expected result requires further investigation. In general, the distribution of 
abilities—average, exceptionally low and exceptionally high—is similar to that 
found for American, French, and English children. The gifted are 11 per 
cent., the backward 18 per cent. of the whole, and there are more exceptional 
(gifted or backward) boys than girls. In comparing our ranking of the children 
by these tests with that of the teachers, great diversity was found in some 
classes, close agreement in others; the indices of correlation range from 0°85 
to 0.16, the majority being about 0.5. 
2. Tests of Reasoning and their relation to General Mental Ability. 
By Roserr C. Moors, M.Sc. 
The object of the research was to demonstrate the close relation between 
intelligence and the results of tests involving processes of reasoning or its 
essential elements. An earlier research, carried out at Liverpool and reported to 
this Association, had given indications of the closeness of this relationship. But, 
as was inevitable in a preliminary research, the data were admittedly inadequate 
and furnished suggestions rather than proofs. 
The present research differed from the former in several important respects. 
A few tests involving relatively simple processes, such as Bisection of Lines, 
Cutaneous Discrimination, were retained, but a far larger number of more com- 
plex tests were added. Many of these, such as Irregular Dotting, Card Deal- 
ing, did not involve reasoning. Others involved mental processes essential to 
reasoning. These, as far as possible, were so chosen as to be representative of 
different orders of complexity. Thus, the Opposites test involved the compre- 
hension of a definite kind of logical relation between terms; the Analogies or 
Mixed Relations involved the comprehension of relations between relations; the 
Correction of Reasons (modified from Bonser) involved judgment about a 
definite kind of relation; the Completion of Syllogisms (modified from Burt) 
involved the inference of one judgment from other judgments; the Completion 
a 
