ON THE ETHNOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. SLA 
modern ones. This appears to me to be a misconception on his part. His 
collection of arrow-heads is not as large as mine, nor is he, perhaps, as 
familiar with the several varieties as I am ; and from my own observation, 
as well as from the reports of others who have worked on these grounds, 
I should say the reverse was the case if there is any difference at all, or it 
this difference can be determined, which I much doubt. It has always 
been considered one of the peculiarities of this district that so many very 
small arrow-heads have been found there. I have myself seen scores less 
than half an inch in length. Indeed, some of them seemed too small 
for practical purposes, but the old Indians say they were undoubtedly 
used for game, while the bigger ones were used in warfare. 
Another point of interest on which a few further remarks will not be 
out of place is the number of knives and ‘flakes’ found in these old 
burial-grounds. These are at Tlk-umtci’n commonly formed from a kind 
of obsidian, called by Dr. G. M. Dawson augite-porphyrite. At least 75 
per cent. of these are chipped on one or more of their edges. On the 
other side of the river large quantities of agate, chalcedony, and jasper 
of various colours have been found in the old burying-grounds. These 
latter resemble closely the flint knives, flakes, and scrapers found in the 
old mounds in England. Except for the difference in material it would 
be impossible to distinguish between the two. On inquiry from the old 
Indians as to what purpose the ancients put these small knives and 
flakes to, I was informed they employed them to cut or scarify their bodies, 
particularly their legs. ‘It lets out the bad blood,’ said one old man, 
‘and makes a man good and strong.’ One of the peculiarities of these 
flakes or knives is that a considerable number of them are more or less 
curved in form. Whether these forms are accidental or otherwise I 
am unable to determine. 
Physical Characteristics, 
Owing to the absence of most of the men from Lytton and the neigh- 
bouring villages during my last visit to them, and the extreme reluctance 
on the part of such of the women as remained at home to be measured or 
photographed, I am unable to add any new matter of importance to 
our knowledge of the physical characteristics of N’tlaka’pamug. Dr. Boas 
has already shown that the men of this tribe are a finer and taller race 
than their congeners on the coast. This fact is so patent that it requires 
no comparative measurements to demonstrate it. This is probably due to 
two distinct causes—environmental conditions and intermixture with 
non-Salishan tribes. With regard to the first, while the lower Fraser and 
coast tribes spent a large portion of their lives squatting in canoes on the 
water, the N’tlaka’pamug spent the larger portion of theirs in hunting and 
land exercise ; and with regard to the second, the presence of two distinct 
types among the people clearly reveals itself in their countenances. The 
photographs I secured at Lytton will make this quite clear. The differ- 
ence in colour, too, is also here more remarkable than in any other group 
I am familiar with, and this incidentally supports the evidence I have 
set forth elsewhere of an oceanic origin for the ancestors of the Salish 
stock. Some of the natives are fairer than the darker races of Europe, 
while others recall strongly the dark hue of the Tongan Islanders. They 
are more than swarthy ; and the other characteristics of their features are 
negroid of the Oceanic type. 
Intermediate types between these two extremes are of course common, 
